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151 "The Delkenheim records do not show the children of Johann Michael. This is understandable considering the chaos caused by fires, plagues, no pastors, and no food, etc., during that era. It is truly a wonder that any records survived. Also, many Germans during that period spent some years in searching for new homes in the impoverished Rhineland before they emigrated to America.

It was undoubtedly Johann Michael's son by the same name that appears in the American records. Johann or John was in many instances, the old German way of meaning Younger or Junior. When the older person died, the John was then dropped and the child so-named went by his second name. None of the records referred to indicate when Johann Mchael came to America. His name does not appear on any of the available ship lists. Such lists have been found incomplete and inaccurate and many of course have become lost through the years." (Source - By the Name of Emerich, Emerick, Emmerich, Emrich, and Emerick, Oran S. Emrich) this Johan Michael Emerich was the father of our Johann Michael Emerich".)

Kenneth D. Haines in his work in 1973 is also of the opinion that Johan Michael Emerich was the father of our Johann Michael Emerich. (Note to File by J.P. Rhein)

 		Johann Michael Emmerich
 
152 Doris Marcella Vogel February 12, 1993 Born Feb.19,1921 Geisinger Med. Cen. Monto 71 yrs Pefforated sigmoid colon
Burial Cemetery Lot Section Undertaker
2-15-1993 Rimersburg Dean Kriner, 325 Market St. Bloomsbur, Pa.

 		Doris Marcella Ernst
 
153 Stepdaughter of T. J. Griffith. Elizabeth L. Evans
 
154 "Merovingian was a dynasty of kings that ruled the Franks, a Germanic tribe, from 481 to 751. The first Merovingian ruler was Clovis I, who enlarged his kingdom to include most of present-day France and part of Germany. The last strong Merovingian monarch was Dagobert I, who ruled from 629 to 639. Under his successsors the Frankish kingdom became dencentralized. Royal power gradually gave way to the noble families, the most importnat of which was the Carolingian. The Carolingians held the office of mayor of the palace and after 639 were kings in all but name." (Source - The Encarta @99 Desk Encyclopia Copyright 1998 Microsoft Corporation) Lord of Franks Faramund
 
155 Notes for HOWARD CORTLAND FERGUSON:
Obit: Howard (Cortland) C. Ferguson, 82, of 704 South Pine Street, Lima, Ohio, a former resident of Rimersburg, Pa., died Friday, January 1, 1982, in the Lima Manor Nursing Home. Born January 10, 1899, in Pennsylvania, he was a son of Hamilton E. and Anna Sybilla Ferguson. He was married to Ethel P. Walls on September 30, 1920, who survives, and is a resident of the Lima Manor Nursing Home. Other survivors include a son, Ronald V. Ferguson of Streetsboro; three daughters, Mrs. Jack (Mercedes) Mechling, Mrs. John (Ramona) Perkins, and Mrs. Lorraine Taylor, all of Lima; 11 grandchildren, and nine great-grandchildren. Mr. Ferguson retired from the Westinghouse Corporation in Lima, in 1964. He was a member of the Westinghouse Golden Age Club, and a life member of IUE Local 724. Funeral services were held at 1 p.m., Monday, January 4, at Chiles & Sons - Laman West Wayne Street Chapel, with Rev. G. Schamaun officiating. Interment was in Memorial Park Cemetery in Lima.

(Above information furnished by Linda Walls)
 		Howard Cortland Ferguson
 
156 "The crusades were the West's belated response to the Muslim conquest of fully two-thirds of the Christian world. While the Arabs were busy in the seventh through the tenth centuries winning an opulent and sophisticated empire, Europe was defending itself against outside invaders and then digging out from the mess they left behind. Only in the eleventh century were Europeans able to take much notice of the East. The event that led to the crusades was the Turkish conquest of most of Christian Asia Minor (modern Turkey). The Christian emperor in Constantinople, faced with the loss of half of his empire, appealed for help to the rude but energetic Europeans. He got it. More than he wanted, in fact. Pope Urban II called the First Crusade in 1095. Despite modem laments about medieval colonialism, the crusade's real purpose was to turn back Muslim conquests and restore formerly Christian lands to Christian control. The entire history of the crusades is one of Western reaction to Muslim advances. As it happened, the first Crusade was amazingly, almost miraculously, successful. The crusaders marched hundreds of miles deep into enemy territory and recaptured not only the lost cities of Nicaea and Antioch, but in 1099 Jerusalem itself.

The Muslim response was a call for jihad, although internal divisions put that off for almost fifty years. With great leaders like Nured-Din and Saladin on the Muslim side and Richard the Lionheart and St. Louis IX on the Christian side, holy war was energetically waged in the Middle East for the next century and a half The warriors on both sides believed, and by the tenets of their respective religions were justified in believing, that they were doing God's work. History, though, was on the side of Islam. Muslim rulers were becoming more, not less powerful. Their jihads grew in strength and effectiveness until, in 1291, the last remnants of the crusaders in Palestine and Syria were wiped out forever.

But that was not the end of the crusades, nor of jihad. Islamic states like Mamluk Egypt continued to expand in size and power. It was the Ottoman Turks, though, that built the largest and most awesome state in Muslim history. At its peak in the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire encompassed all of North Africa, the Near East, Arabia, and Asia Minor and had plunged deep into Europe, claiming Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, Croatia, and Serbia. Under Suleiman the Magnificent the Turks came within a hair's breadth of capturing Vienna, which would have left all of Germany at their mercy. At that point crusades were no longer waged to rescue Jerusalem, but Europe itself. Christendom had been shrinking for centuries. The smart money was all on Islam as the wave of the future.

Of course, that is not how it turned out. But surprisingly the rise of the West was not the result of any military victory against Muslims. Indeed, the Ottoman Empire survived largely intact until the end of World War I. Instead, something completely new and totally unpredictable was happening in Europe. A new civilization, built on the old to be sure, was forming around ideas like individualism and capitalism. Europeans expanded on a global scale, leaving behind the Mediterranean world, seeking to understand and explore the entire planet. Great wealth in a commercial economy led to a fundamental change in almost every aspect of Western life, culminating in industrialization. The Enlightenment turned Western attention away from Heaven and toward the things of this world. Soon religion in the West became simply a matter of personal preference. Crusades became unthinkable - a foolishness of a civilization's childhood."

(Source- Excepts from an article on the Crusades which appeared in National Review Online on November 2, 2001 by Thomas F. Madden, the author of 'A Concise History of the Crusades' and coauthor of 'The Fourth Crusade'. He is associate professor and chair of the Department of History at Saint Louis University in St. Louis, Missouri.)

 		Alan Fitzwalter
 
157 Admiral John Forbes (1714-1796) was the second son of George Forbes, 3rd Earl of Granard. He entered the Royal Navy at a young age, and had risen to the rank of Rear Admiral by 1747. in 1749 he was created Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean. As a Lord of the Admiralty, Forbes refused to sign the death warrant of Admiral John Byng in protest at the harshness of the sentence, and as a consequence of this disagreement with his colleagues retired from the Board of Admiralty on 6 April. He was reappointed on 29 June 1757. Created a Vice Admiral in 1755, Forbes became an Admiral of the Blue, 1758, General of Marines, 1763, Admiral of the White, 1770, and Admiral of the Fleet, 1781. He also published a Memoir of the Earls of Granard (1868). He died in
1796.

Admiral John Byng (1704-1757) was court-martialed, convicted and sentenced to death in 1757, following an abortive attempt in 1756 to relieve the British garrison in Port Mahon, Menorca, from French forces. He was executed by firing squad on the deck of HMS Monarch on 14 March 1757.

Admiral John Forbes (17 July 1714-10 March 1796) was the second son of George Forbes, 3rd Earl of Granard. He entered the Royal Navy in 1726 on the Burford, commanded by his uncle. Forbes became a Rear Admiral in 1747 and, in 1749, he was created Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean fleet. Poor health often affected his career. He was a Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty from 1756 to 1763, during which time he gained fame for being the only member who would not ratify the sentence of death on Admiral John Byng over the loss of Minorca. Forbes refused to sign the death warrant in protest at the harshness of the sentence, and resigned from the Admiralty Board but rejoined two months later. He was a Commissioner of Longitude in 1768. Forbes was created a Vice Admiral in 1755, Admiral of the Blue in 1758, General of Marines in 1763, Admiral of the White in 1770, and eventually Admiral of the Fleet in 1781. However, ill-health prevented Forbes undertaking an active role. Forbes married Mary Capel, the daughter of William Capel, 3rd Earl of Essex in 1758 and they had two daughters. The National Maritime Museum has a portrait of Forbes by George Romney. His will was proven on 26 March 1796. Prob.11/1272. The Forbes Islands (12° 18'S, 143° 25'E) off the northern Queensland coast were named after him. DNB. Vol. 7, pp. 404-405.

 		Admiral John Forbes
 
158 Heber Rankin shows Elizabeth Forbes married to a ??? Leonard with the following children; Harvey and Rebecca married to James Woods - they had two children; Janet and Eva. I have listed it here for future reference. (Note to File - JP Rhein) Elizabeth Forbes
 
159 Descended from Faramund of the Sicambrian Franks 419 -430 - cousin line to Merovingian Kings. (Source - The Stewarts, The Stewart Society, Vol. 21 No 2, 2001, Edinburgh) Count of Brittany Froamidus
 
160 See Family tree Maker file 4061 Aeneas Sharp Galbraith
 
161 "Andrew Galbraith was major of the Flying Camp at the battle of Long Island and was captured and confined on a prison ship during the remainder of the war. The diary that he kept is in the possession of the family." (Source - The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Lineage Books, Original 50 Volumes, page 75) Andrew Galbraith
 
162 Andrew Galbraith succeeded his father, James. He took part in the Battle of Linlithgow in 1526, but had a "respett" in 1527 for his actions. His son was James, but Guthrie Smith (p. 167) is in error in stating that John and Andrew were also his sons. Andrew Galbraith of Culcreuch died before 1534, as in that year his brother Humphrey is called "Tutor," or legal guardian, to James Galbraith, who was a minor when his father Andrew died. Andrew Galbraith
 
163 Of Mountcastle, County Tyrone, Ireland. Archibald Galbraith
 
164 Moved to Virginia and later to Tennessee. Arthur Galbraith
 
165 "Colonel Galbraith was appointed deputy surveyor November 4, 1791, and while acting as such, took up large tracts in Lykens Valley, but, dying before patents were issued to him, his heirs lost all of them in the numberless litigations which ensued." (Source - Egle's Pennsylvania Genealogies, page 231) Colonel Bertram Galbraith
 
166 The Red Tower, Clan Galbraith Association, Vol XXXI, No 2, February 2010, page 54, by William Gilbreath, lists a Hugh Galbraith, of Glasgow and County Longford, baptized in 1654, as a son of Archibald Galbraith and Catherine Vallias. It is further stated that he is the Major Hugh Galbraith in the three-decade-long Balgair land suit.

This is in conflict with my earlier reference to Major Hugh Galbraith (I4318), son of Andrew (I43417), based on the litigation information.

I have entered it here as a matter of information pending further investigation and follow-up.

(Note to File - JP Rhein)

Details from the February 2010 article follow.

HUGH GALBRAITH of Glasgow and County Longford, Ireland, and baptized in 1654, is 21 years younger than his half-brother John of Blessingbourne. We have considerable information on Hugh, as he is one of the principal characters in the three-decade-long Balgair land suit that played out around 1800. The lines of both the first and second entail from Balgair's owner James Galbraith's will of 1705 and died out in the late 1790s. The third substitute named by James was a "Major Hugh Galbraith of Ireland son of Andrew of Scotland and his heirs' male".

There were two (and possible others) Hugh Galbraiths of Ireland when James died, one being our subject and the other, a Hugh of County Galway and a proven Major. The nephew of our subject Hugh was Captain Robert Galbraith (son of John of Blessingboume) and Robert was the fourth substitute. The Balgair Case has a few documents and many pages of epositions regarding Hugh. While the Balgair case evolved over 30 years, it took place a hundred years after the period of immediate interest to us. The plaintiffs relied heavily on the depositions of children or grandchildren to the principals-colleagues and relatives of Hugh, who died in 1703. We have Hugh, placed here, as a son of Archibald, and half-brother to John Galbraith of Blessingbourne.

Our knowledge of Hugh, beyond his 1654 baptism, begins with his imprisonment in 1676 after being caught at a banned religious meeting in the Pentland Hills outside of Edinburgh. He was actually freed, an unusual occurrence, when he convinced the Lords of the Court that he was an unknowing native of Ireland and just visiting. We suspect that this Hugh settled in Glasgow and became a merchant, as we have a record: "Galbraith, Hugh, B. and G.B., as third 1. [lawful] son to dec. Archibald G., merchant, B. and G.B. 09 Aug 1680 Lanarkshire, Scotland". Archibald, as we saw above, had brought the family line to Ireland and died by 1664. First son John became our John of Blessingbourne. The second lawful son, according to the baptism, was a James, whom we have not been able to trace. According to baptisms, there was a Robert as the 3rd son but we know that he died pre-teen as another Robert was later baptized to the family and thus Hugh became the 3rd lawful son. Our Hugh assumed his father's role as B. and G.B.-Burgess and Guild Brethren-at age 26, after apparently passing most of his life in Ireland. He continued on in Glasgow for almost two decades, as we have a number of deeds involving him-or perhaps he 'commuted' to Ireland, and we know he was also involved with trade in London and married Elizabeth Lewis there.

Here is Hugh's summary biography based on existing documentation.

1654-Baptized in Glasgow as son of Archibald Galbraith.

Apparently lived in Ireland until 1676.

Imprisoned in Cannongate, Edinburgh but he was soon released

1680--Granted guild status in Glasgow
1680 through 1693 - 12 deeds and bonds for merchant Hugh in Glasgow.

1691-Hugh arranges in London to supply goods for troops in Ireland fighting the Catholic James II 1691- War ends before goods reach Ireland and Hugh arranges to transship them to conflicts in Spain.

1693-French privateer seizes his ship and cargo and Hugh fails to collect on insurance in London.

1695 - Living in St. Johnston in County Longford.

1697 - Leases Leitrim Manor, County Leitrim, from Lord Landsborough and transferred it to nephew Arthur.

1702 - Prepares will and dies childless in late 1703,leaving widow Elizabeth Lewis of London.

Hugh's actual circumstances and whereabouts are muddled as we have conflicting testimony regarding his identity from the Balgair Case. The plaintiffs are positive that he is Major Hugh of the Balgair entailment but, except for one forged letter, they never provide a document using this title. A number of witnesses surface, many credible, who swear that their parents or grandparents knew this 'Major' Hugh Galbraith of County Longford. It is curious that the several hundred pages of trial testimony and exhibits within The Balgair Case never correctly identified Hugh Galbraith' of St. Johnstown, County Longford, as he was known in the Balgair hearings. Nor did they recognize that his father was Archibald, rather than the Andrew Galbraith specified in the Entailment by James Galbraith.

This heritage connection should have quickly eliminated Hugh's line from consideration as the Balgair heir. A partial summation by the attorney for Plaintiff William Arthur Galbraith (he, the great- great-great grandson of John of Blessingbourne) addressing the Lords of Scotland who were judging the suits: "Major Hugh married Eizabeth Lewis in London, came to St. Johnston after the restoration [of Charles II, 1661], then served against King James in the north of Ireland and after the Revolution [1688-9, in support of William and Mary] returned and settled with his quartermaster Ringan, alias Ninian Galbraith across the street in St. Johnston [in Co. Longford] and also brought John Morton with him and made him [i.e., Molton] the manager of the [near-by land] Manor of Leitrim; the Means or Maines also came with him from the north of Ireland." Morton was the long deceased father to aged witness Johnston Morton and the grandchildren of the Means were also witnesses for the plaintiffs.

"Hugh had raised a troop and been a temporary Major in the North" and "Major Hugh and Capt Robert had come to that part of the Country together". It was a very favorable point in the suit that Captain Robert shows in his will that he is the 4th entail, as it would be natural, but likely incorrect, that his Uncle Hugh might be the 3rd in line. However, the testimony never revealed that the two were closely related. The plaintiffs did prove that this Hugh died without a lawful male issue so that the descendants of Robert were. in their minds the legal inheritors. Although the Hugh Galbraith living in Galway was proven to be a Major, there was no mention in the bags of family records of his father or even that he was from Scotland.

Among the counter statements by the attorney for the defendant Richard Galbraith of County Galway: "But it is Hugh of Longford, that is likely late of Dublin, as he came from London in 1691, according to the bill he filed in the Court of the Exchequer. The Lewis family resides there according to the will of Elizabeth, his spouse." Thus, if Hugh did not come to Ireland until 1691, he did not fight for King William and would not have been a Major, as called for in James's 1705 will. Actually. Hugh might have
been in Ireland during this questioned period for we have deeds for Hugh in Glasgow through 1687 and then there is a hiatus until a most interesting" deed is drawn in November of 1693. As neither side in the Balgair land suits could achieve the requirement of proving their Hugh was the son of Andrew, the Lords reluctantly awarded the lands to the descendants of Hugh of County Galway.
 		Hugh Galbraith
 
167 In 1638 James and Robert's younger brother, Humphrey, signed the funeral certificate of Sir Patrick Acheson, Archibald's son, "as being his kinsman." Some years later Sir George Acheson, second son of Archibald, served as overseer for the will of James Galbraith of Ramoran, the son of Robert Galbraith of Dowish. All are clues that there was a bond or family connection between those Achesons and Galbraiths. Exactly what that bond was had yet to be discovered.  Humphrey Galbraith
 
168 Humphrey served as a minister in the Church of Ireland, an Anglican church, and rose to the senior position of Archdeacon. (Source - Article by Dave Colwell in the August 2009 issue of The Red Tower, Clan Galbraith Association, Vol. XXX. No 4, ISSN 1059-4264) Humphrey Galbraith
 
169 PRONI T808114724.

This is a Bill in Chancery, 21 Jan. 1679, concerning a suit regarding the Manor of
Corkeagh, Portlough Precinct, Raphoe Barony, which mentions a number of members
of the Galbraith family.

Rev. Humphrey Galbraith ofKilskeery, now dead. His only issue was 3 daughters;
Lettice, married to Michael Sampson, Mariana, married to Rev. John Leslie, and
Angel, married to William Wray.

James Galbraith (Snr.) now dead. He had 4 daughters, Rebecca, married to Rev.
Andrew Hamilton, Elizabeth, married to James Galbraith (Jnr), Angel or Agnes
married to Hugh Hamilton, ~ the widow 0f Robert Galbraith, now dead. He had son Jammes Galbraith, who was married to Elizabeth, daughter of James Galbraith (Snr.). It is not said whether Robert had any daughters. James(Jnr) and Elizabeth had 3 daughters mentioned in this document;
Jane, married to Archibald Richardson, Isabella, married to Rev. Andrew Hamilton
(Jnr.), and Anne, married to Rev. John Sinclair.

Humphrey, Robert and James (Snr.) were said to be brothers. A deed of 7th Aug. 1637 is mentioned, which is said to have the names James Galbraith, Humphrey Galbraith, Hugh Galbraith, William Galbraith and Robert Buchanan, though no
relationships are given.
 		Humphrey Galbraith
 
170 The 11th Chief's third son, HUMPHREY GALBRAITH, took part with his elder brothers in the Earl of Lennox's rising against regicidal government, but escaped in the darkness from the rout at Talla Moss 1490, and was mentioned by name in Remission Granted to those who had been implicated in the rising. He had other issue, a son, John Galbraith, tacksman of Balgair which adjoins Culcreuch. (Source - Burke's Landed Gentry of Scotland) Humphrey Galbraith
 
171 Was at Glasgow University in 1513. He appears to have been guilty of the slaughter of William Stirling of Glorat in 1534. He is called "Tutor of Culcreuch". Humphrey Galbraith
 
172 James Galbraith (1666-1744) is the 4th cousin, 2 times removed of James Galbraith, the Entailer. James Galbraith
 
173 James Galbraith had evidently taken part in the rising which had such serious consequences for Thomas Galbraith; but he escaped, and his name appears in the Remission, dated 12th February, 1489-90, to Matthew Stewart, son of John, Earl of Lennox, and many others; and in the following June, 1490, he appears as James Galbraith of Culcreuch in a sasine to Matthew Stewart of the Earldom of Lennox, the Lordship of Darnley, and the lands of Galston; and, again, in a sasine to the same Matthew in the year 1511. He is included as one of the heirs of entail in a Royal Charter to Robert, 3rd Lord Lyle, in 1495, which would seem to prove that he was son of Andrew Galbraith, who was in the entail of Robert, 1st Lord Lyle, and, therefore, brother of Thomas Galbraith, who was hanged in 1489.
James Galbraith had legal proceedings with Agnes Cunningham, widow of Thomas Galbraith, in 1493. She claimed certain rents from the lands of Over Johnstone, but the matter seems to have been amicably settled (Act. Dom. Concil). In 1501, he had a fine remitted for not entering suit for Over Johnstone. He is said to have married Agnes Colquhoun, daughter of Humrhrey Colquhoun of Luss; this Agnes marrying secondly the 4th Lord Somerville. ("The Chiefs of Colquhoun." vol. I., p. 70.)
James Galbraith's eldest son was Andrew, and, in 1509, there was an infeftment of Andrew Galbraith and Margaret Stirling, his spouse, in the lands of Johnstone in Renfrewshire, which belonged to James Galbraith, father of the said Andrew.
This must have been given to Andrew on his marriage, and when his father was living, since we know that James Galbraith was alive after 1512. (Source – Galbraiths of The Lennox, Compiled by Colonel T.L. Galloway of Auchendrana in 1944) 		James Galbraith
 
174 James Galbraith, 13th Chief of Galbraith married Agnes Colquhoun, daughter of Humphrey Colquhoun of Luss and Helen Erskine.1
 		James Galbraith
 
175 THE IMMIGRANT - JAMES GALBRAITH SR. 1666-1744, By Lelia Booth
This article appeared in THE RED TOWER VoL 1/7, No. 3 - Spring 1985.

James Galbreath, 52 years old, arrived in Pennsylvania in October 1718 on the ship "Wm. Galley", Capt. Saml' Haines (MacDaid Memorial Library, FL Passenger Search and Attestation). The account books of Penn's agents show that by September 6, 1719 James Galbraith "late of Ireland" is charged in 1720 for 100 acres out near the Susquehanna R. (Keith, Chronicles of Penn 1688-1748, Vol. 111, p. 596)

A letter written in 1720 by James Logan, agent for the Penn family, refers to the Donegal grants to the Scotch/Irish: "if kindly used, will I believe be orderly as they have hitherto been, and easily dealt with, they will also, I expect, be a leading example to others." However, they didn't turn out to be all that "easily dealt with" as we see in later letters between Logan and the Penns. In a letter written in February 1733/4 Logan refers to the setters of Donegal that he had encouraged to settle there in 1719-20 "they had some losses by some of the 5 Nations Indians, in so much that the Assembly made good some of the losses". He mentions that some of the Tracts were very poor and worth very little and that some of the area was full of Barrens (land that had been used by the Indians and burned over), and that he had "vast deal of trouble with them without one single farthing advantage". Penn wrote more than one letter regarding "Terms for Ye Donnegallions" payments for their land. The settlers refused to pay for their land and it took about fifteen years for the matter to be settled.

We have no record of James's marriage but consensus seems to be that it was to Rebecca Chambers daughter of Arthur Chambers. This is possible for there were several Chambers families in Ireland and also there were Chambers among the early Donegal and Derry settlers.

It seems that most of James's family came with him. His three sons were John, Andrew and James Jr., who was about fifteen years of age. John, about twentyeight years old, married with one or two children, and Andrew, also probably married, soon set up their own households. Daughters Eleanor and Isobel also came for we find records of their marriages at First Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia in 1734 and 1735. His daughter Rebecca is said by Egle and in "Torrance and Allied Families" - to have married in Ireland to Alexander Stewart of Fort Stewart and Carnomanga, County Donegal. Alexander died 1743 and his oldest son, Alexander, fell heir to the estate. About 1745, Mrs. Rebecca Stewart with her other five children came to Pennsylvania. She died 1748/9.

James and his sons were immediately active in helping to organize a Presbyterian church in the new settlement. That first building was a small log cabin with "look-outs" at the corners where men of the congregation kept watch. This log building, which was used for about twelve years, was built by the Big Spring. Since people came from long distances and there were several services during the day it was necessary to be near a spring for water to supply man and beast.

James is on the Pa. Tax List'.

James Galbraith 1/6 W. Connestoga 1722
" 1/8 Donegal 1724
(W.Connestoga changed to Donegal 1722
James Galbraith 1/6 Donegal 1725
" 1/6 " 1726

James Sr. and James Jr. both acquired land in Derry Township about ten miles to the north. Derry Township grew up where two Indian paths - the Allegheny running close to US 422 and the Conewago running south from Manada Gap to Conewago Creek - intersected near Derry Spring and the James Galbraith Plantation. The area was designated 'Galbraith' on early maps.

We do not know when James Sr. went to live in Derry nor do we know what happened to his wife, Rebecca. James was probably living with his son James Jr. when he died on the 23rd of August 1744 aged 78. He is buried in the old cemetery in the Derry Presbyterian Churchyard, Hershey, Pennsylvania. James Sr. and James Jr. are on the Honor Rofl of those buried there - Frontiersmen: James Galbraith Sr. and James Galbraith Jr.

In the southwest comer of the churchyard are two flat slabs of white marble. On one:

Here lieth the remains of the/ Rev. William Bertram, first/ pastor of this congregation/ who departed this life/ 2nd May, 1746/ Aged 72 years/ As also/ Elizabeth, his daughter) wife of James Galbraith, Esqr./ who departed this life, 2nd Feb./ A.D. 1799, Aged 85 years.
On the other slab: Here Heth the remains of / James Galbraith/ who departed this life/ ye 23rd August, 1744/ Aged 78 years/ Also/ James Galbraith, Esqr./ The younger/ on ye I I th June, 1786/ Aged 83 years/ Who dwelt beloved by all) In rational piety, modest hope,/ and cheerful resignation/
Elizabeth....... (probably wife of Rev. Bertram).

But - Who was our James? Where did he come from in Ireland? And why did he come? In 1714-1719 there was severe drought in Ireland and crops were ruined with a great loss of the flax crop and of sheep. Industries suffered, the economy was bad. On top of the economic problems there were severe restrictions on and discrimination against the Presbyterians.

It seemed we had the answer to the puzzle when the following information came to hand - reference: "Galbraiths of Donegal" by Joel Munsell. (So far I have been unable to find this book in our libraries - Is it perhaps a part of another book?) [Editors note: This article is part of the book Pennsylvania Genealogies by Wm. Henry Egle]

John Galbraith, Roscavy

John Galbraith, 1620-1668: bom Blessingburn, Ireland, died Clogher Parish, Roscavy, County Tyrone, Ireland. Will probated 1669. James Galdstane, Exec. Issue: Arthur, second son - inherited estate of Baflyvaden (one mile east of Five-MileTown). He married Mary Gladstane who paid off some debt - probably on the estate.
John
James, bom 1666
(The names Arthur, John and James continued for generations in the Galbraith family in America.)

To check out the above information we delved into some geography, atlases and topographical dictionaries of Ireland. Pat D'Arcy and her husband contacted the Deputy Keeper at the Pubfic Records Office of Ireland for the Will of John (1668).

All of the above mentioned places are within five to ten miles of 'Roscavy' which is near Six-Mile-Cross in County Tyrone. A "Topographical Dictionary of Ireland" by Samuel Lewis, p. 344, gives some information: The parish of Clogher is of great extent, and comprehends the manors of Augher, in which is the town of that name; Clogher (granted by Charles I to the bishop) in which is the town of Clogher; Blessingburne, in which is the town of Five-Mile-Town-Mount Stewart; and part of the manor of Killfaddy, granted to Sir Wm. Cope ... Besides the Episcopal palace, the parish contains several fine residences. The deanery or glebe-house, which is about a quarter of a mile west of the cathedral is a handsome house in a fertfle and well planted grebe. Not far distant from it is Augher Castle, the splendid residence of Sir J. M. Richardson Bunbury, Bart.; Cecil, the seat of the Rev. Francis Gervais; Corick, of the Rev. Dr. Story; Killyfaddy of R. W. Maxwell, Esq.; Blessingbume Cottage, of Col. Montgomery; Daisy-Hill of A. Miller, Esq. Fardross, the ancient seat of A. Upton Gladstanes, Esq.; There are two chapels of ease in the parish, one at Five-Mile-Town or Blessingbune and one at NewtonSaville.

In the book "Maps of Ireland" by Taylor and Skinner (1778-1783) - Map 9257 Shows Gladstanes Esq. property called Lisbourie and across the road is Fardross called the ancient seat of the Gladstanes. This is near Clogher. The Stewarts were there by 1619 and where there were Stewarts there were generally Galbraiths to be found - so the 1620 date for a birth there is possible. There were both Galbraiths and Gladstanes in the area. The Lowry land was also near Roscavy and in Donegal, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, the Lowrys and the Galbraiths were neighbors. There is record of a Lowry Galbraith, of a Galbraith daughter marrying a Lowry, and it is said that the Lowry's still name the eldest son in the family Galbraith Lowry. So there must be some close connection between the Lowry and Galbraith families.

So - we have all the right names and dates and a likely place - But--

The Deputy Keeper at the Public Record Office of Ireland says they have no record of the Will of John Galbraith, Roscavy 1668/9. They do have the Will of John Galbraith of that address dated 1752. I have a copy of this Will through the kindness of Pat D'Arcy and her husband.

Abstract of the Will of John Galbraith dated 1752:
(1)Speaks of a marriage property agreement with wife Catherine Perry in 1729. (Catherine died before 1752.)
(2)Eldest son James-second son George; eldest daughter Catherine; daughter Anne Marie; Brother Arthur and wife Rebecca; sister Tracy; sons John Forbes, Samuel and Lowry; daughter Mary.
(3)Galbraith Lowry and Thomas Gaidstane - Overseers of Will and Guardians of his children.
(4)Brother-in-Law George Perry and brother Arthur - Executors.

Mr. D'Arcy also found a record of some Galbraith burials in the graveyard at the church of Cloghemy which is near the junction of Fintonia Road with Omagh/Six Mile Cross Road - not too far from Roscavy.

To the east of the church there is a walled enclosure, the burial place of a family called Galbraith. There is built into the south wall of this enclosure a large freestone slab bearing the following inscription in capital letters:

THIS BURYING GROUND/ ERECTED By JAMES GALBRAITH OF ROSCAVY/ AND SAMUEL GALBRAITH OF / OMAGH ESQ THE 3RD GNERATION AT ROSCAVY FROM/ JOHN THE FIRST/ JOHN GALBRAITH OF ROSCAVY GENTLEMAN DIED/ 28 OF MAY 1668 AGED 48/ CAPTAIN JAMES GALBRATH HIS SON DIED IOTH OF MARCH/ 1706 AGED 38 CAPTAIN/ JOHN GALBRAITH HIS SON/ DIED 26 OF JAN 1742 AGED/ 72 THE THREE BURRYED (sic) IN CLOGHER JOHN GALBRARM ESQ DIED FEB 1732 AGED/ 40 YEARS AS DID CATHERINE/ GALBRAITH OR PERRY HIS WiFE 7TH DEC 1749 AGED 36/ AND BOTH BURRYED IN THE/ CHANCEL IN CLOGEERNY/.

James and Samuel would seem to be two of the sons of John Galbraith (d. 1752) mentioned in his Will. The date for John Galbraith Esq. died Feb. 1732 has to be 1752 for it is obviously the John married to Catherine Perry who wrote his Will 1752. It seems to me there must also be confusion in the reading of the dates for the age and/or the dates for John Galbraith died 1742 age 72. Were the generations:
John of Roscavy died 1668, Capt. James died 1706 - Ist. generation John died 1742 - lst generation John died 1752 - 2nd generation James and Samuel who erected the Memorial - the 3rd generation from John the First.

Or does one follow Burke's "Landed Gentry of Ireland" (1904) which also give us trouble with dates:
(1)John died 1668.
(2)Capt. James (1668-1706).
(3)John died 1742 (72 years of age)
(4)John in Catherine died 1751, 40 yrs.
(5)James m 1764 died 1768 left issue of 2 sons and 5 daughters!!

The above cemetery record does indicate that John Galbraith 1620-1668 did live at Roscavy but that his sons James and John remained in Ireland. So although we have the right names it does appear that they remained at Roscavy for some generations. I have also tried to find some information on a "John Galbraith of Newton-Cunningham: with no success whatsoever. After all this I end up in a state of confusion - still wondering who our James was and where was his home in Ireland. Since those settlers to Pennsylvania named their new home Donegal one would think it possible that County Donegal was where they had left their hearts. In any case, our pioneer, James Galbraith Sr., seems to have been at age 52 a tough, independent, energetic leader and a staunch Presbyterian."

The following Information was furnished by Mary H. Cole. "I'm not sure James Galbraith was the son of John Galbraith. So the story goes - James named his son (I believe his oldest son) John. It was speculated that because James' father was John. At some point they dropped the speculation without proof. The hearth tax shows the name of James and others but no John."

A record of arrival in Philadelphia shows "James Galbraith 52, wife Rebecca, eldest son John 28, wife Janet 25, son Robert 3, son Andrew 26".

"James, John and Andrew Galbraith are listed as some of the Pioneer Settlers of East Donegal Township in 1718. (Source - History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Ellis and Evans 974.815 EL 59h - page 759)

East Donegal Township was organized in the year 1722 and embraced all of the territory contained in West Conestoga Township, which was taken from Conestoga Township in the year 1721. (Source - History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Ellis and Evans 974.815 EL 59h - page 757.)

"No report on early Galbraiths can close without a few words on this verified immigrant, from whom at least thirty-two of our members spring. James is documented with land in 1719, so likely came a bit before, as many genealogies so state. Extensive searches by several members (most recently and extensively by Dave Colwell) have failed to show that he arrived in Philadelphia on the vessel William Galley or that he was son of 'John of Ireland'. Nor has it been shown that he had or came with brothers John and Robert. No document to the so-called John of Philadelphia has ever surfaced although there are indications that someone of that ilk was the father of the York County Galbraiths, beginning by 1750. 'Robert of Paxtang' lived a few miles from James, and may well have been his brother but given the birth dates of the children of the two families, it fits better if Robert were a cousin or nephew. Note that we do have at least ten members who descend from (perhaps brother) Robert. I have twice use ' at least' in this section as we have many members, myself included, who have not been able to trace their roots back to those early times in Pennsylvania and some of us surely come from these prolific arrivers." (Source - THE RED TOWER, Winter 2005)

The following article was taken from The Red Tower, Clan Glabraith Association, Volume XXVI, No 2, Winter 2004

Galbraith Genealogy Gleanings
By William Gilbreath

"I have said in several articles that if we have Galbraiths living near each other, we would expect that they are related. This seems obvious, at least in early colonial days or on the frontier, as one would journey there with friends or relatives and settle near them. And, once you had a Galbraith settled (usually with children and often with siblings and in-laws), the descendants built. up a population of relatives in a relatively small area until a son found a better opportunity on the frontier as new lands opened. The process was then repeated a generation or two later, usually with the new family again settling close together. This guideline has been helpful to many of us in placing our Galbraith in a given line, but be wary of pitfalls. Let us consider a few examples.

Within our Association the descendants of James Galbraith of Ireland who settled in then Chester County, PA, by 1719 are the most numerous. James, with sons John and Andrew, lived within a few miles of each other. There was a Robert Galbraith, also with many member descendants who settled about 15 miles to the North of this group. Unfortunately, diligent searches by Dave Colwell,. Gayle Galbraith, Laurel Anderson and quite a few others, myself included, have failed to substantiate the reported passenger list coupling these two possible brothers and family members. Have we been led astray on their relationship because of a perhaps non-existing list? Did they even arrive at the same time? We do not know when Robert actually arrived-it could have been a few years later. The absence of early records for him was 'explained' as Robert settling in the hinterlands and the taxman missing him. I do believe the chances are fair that Robert and James were indeed brothers (or perhaps James was Uncle to Robert) simply because of the rarity of Galbraiths in the new world at that time. One could have chosen to settle virtually any place on more than 1000 miles of the eastern seaboard plus the British Caribbean lands, so 15 miles is relatively close. On the other hand, would not relatives have elected to be near enough to assist each other on a daily basis? A DNA test of a Galbraith male of Robert s line would certainly help to resolve this mystery.

We can show (see Spring, 2004, RT, Earliest American Galbraiths) that a Samuel Galbraith settled about 25 miles south of James of our first example in East Nottingham Twp., Chester County, PA. Samuel and James both appeared in their respective township 1721 tax records. On the big scale, Samuel and James are certainly close and James' entourage probably journeyed through East Nottingham on the way to their lands. Why not consider them as brothers? Perhaps it is because Samuel is virtually unknown and genealogists have never. given him much consideration. He is on early tax-lists but Samuel does not. appear in histories or accounts of the region or in church records as do the Galbraiths somewhat to the north. Our Association has but one known Samuel descendant-member Phyllis Miller's husband Gerald. For me, the strongest evidence of familial relation for James and Robert occurred with Robert's estate in 1738. John Galbraith and James Mitchel of Donegal, Lancaster Co., are the sureties (i.e. bonded to assure a legal distribution of the estate) to Robert's estate in Paxtang. We think that John, the son to James Galbraith, is the nephew to Robert. In contrast nothing has surfaced showing any connection between the families of Samuel and James.

The next example is Joseph Galbraith of 1780 Mecklenburg Co. (Charlotte), North Carolina. I thought (and with me are four other members) for many years he was assuredly related to a Joseph Galbraith (#2) who lived only 5 miles from him. Because there is evidence that Joseph #2 came from Pennsylvania in 1768, I believed this was also the origin of my Joseph, and directed my research to that area. I was, however, always troubled by the fact that these two Josephs never appeared jointly on any document-we expect to see one as a witness for the other or perhaps a land transaction between the two if they were related. When my DNA results came back I found I was not related to the early Pennsylvania lines of the Scotch-Irish Galbraiths but rather connected to other members whose ancestors came directly from Scotland to America. A bit more diligence turned up a Joseph Galbreth who landed in Charleston, South Carolina, settled about 35 miles due south of Charlotte in 1768 and moved from that land before 1780. So now I had either the almost impossible coincidence of three Joseph Galbraiths in close proximity and time or, more reasonably, that there were but two, and one, mine, had moved between two nearby locales on the Catawba River. I had certainly been lead astray for a number of years by the 'nearness' doctrine, with no other supporting evidence.

The third case are the York County Galbraiths, of or near Mount Pleasant Township, who are still a mystery and we do not yet know how much truth will come from the nearness and relationship rule. The 19th Century genealogists report (without evidence) that a brother John had arrived with the James and Robert of our first example. They said that John tarried a bit in Philadelphia and then he or his children went west to York County, giving rise to the Mount Pleasant Galbraiths. Briefly, for these Galbraiths: Andrew Galbraith appeared in 1751 Mount Pleasant. A 1754 deed shows a John Galbraith living a few miles from Andrew. A James Galbraith lived about 5 miles north of them and a daughter of John married a son of James. Robert, attorney of Philadelphia, bought that 1754 land from John in 1765, and moved to about 4 miles west of John's family. Another Robert, son to John. resided one farm separated from Andrew. In the other direction, the granddaughter from a family adjoining Andrew married William Galbraith of Baltimore (of Betsy DeCarolis' line). Another John lived 8 miles north of John beginning in the 176Os. You might think these Galbraiths were all related and they may have been. In past Red Towers, I discussed them and certain documents that perhaps link Galbraiths of these names. But no document has been unearthed that says something clear-cut as "my uncle John of Philadelphia".

Our imagination can take over if we blindly apply the nearness rule, especially in the York County case. I imagine that Andrew was likely the one mentioned in our first example, so if there really were that brother John (to James and Robert) in Philadelphia, then John and Andrew of Mount Pleasant would be cousins. John and James might also have been cousins and their children then married second cousins. If we have Andrew placed correctly, then William of Baltimore was his grandnephew. Attorney Robert might be brother to James and thus linked to still another John who died in 1766 Philadelphia with brothers of those names. Please note my many uses of 'might', "would", and 'if'.

On balance, neighboring Galbraiths are more often related than not but one should surely keep looking for documentation and consider other options. It is a useful rule but use caution since a document clearly linking the two is worth much more. DNA is the proof-in-the pudding but we cannot tell how close the relationship is and those Galbraith neighbors could be very distant cousins."

"The family tree of Lord Strathclyde in Burke's "Peerage and Barontage" indicates that there were at least three Galbraiths from that family who emigrated to Ireland at the time of the King James Plantation. They were Robert, 17th Chief, and James and John, who were sons of a Humphrey Galbraith and wife Isobel Cunningham.

In the introduction of "The Scottish Migration to Ulster in the Reign of James I by Prof. Percival Maxwell, the author states that the sources available for studying the Plantation in Ulster are inadequate, as no parish registers have survived - if they were ever kept. Lists of tenants are rare and only one list providing statistics on women and children has survived. Since the Galbraith Clan held lands in Stirlingshire and possibly in Dunbartonshire, the logical thing to do is to find which of the undertakers came from that area. The book mentioned above indicates only two of the undertakers came from Stirlingshire, Ludovic Stewart, Duke of Lennox, and Esme' Stewart, Lord Aubigney. Cousins of the King, they indicated their willingness to take up land in Ireland in March, 1609. By 1610, Lord Aubigney passed all his responsibilities to Sir James Hamilton.

The Duke of Lennox was one of the chief undertakers and was assigned the favorable location in the precinct of Portlough. This is in county Donegal, previously called Tirconnefl. "The Plantation of Uster" by Rev. George Hill, indicates that a Humphrey and a Robert Galbraith were in possession of the manor of Corkagh (later Corgagh), consisting of 1,000 acres. This Robert may have been a son or relative of the Laird of Culcreuch who died in Ireland in 1642. Robert may also have been a close relative of Humphrey Galbraith. In 1664, Humphrey and Robert sold Corgagh.

In 1666 William Penn was Aide-deCamp to the Earl of Arran, who was a relative of Humphrey Galbraith's wife, so there is a likelihood that John Galbraith of Blessingbun, County Tyrone, Ireland, lived at Corgagh before going to America with Wm. Penn. Blessingboune was north of Five-Mile Town in County Tyrone. The "Index of Clogher Will to 1888" at Public Records in N. Ireland has the John Galbraith of Blessingbum Probate 1669. It appears that James Galbraith bom 1666, was a descendant of these Galbraiths. He had a son bom in 1692 who accompanied him to America. Since relatives were often using the same first names, names such as James, John, Robert and Humphrey, it is difficult to separate the Irish Galbraiths at this time.

When Robert Galbraith, 17th Galbraith Chief, came to Ireland, it is likely he was able to obtain land there because of his connections with the Duke of Lennox. Robert emigrated to Ireland after 1624 and died about 1642. The Earl of Lennox was promoted to Duke of Lennox in the reign of King James I. The D'Arcys called on Bertie (Albert) Galbraith, farmer of Lower Craigiedoes in County Donegal where many Galbraiths of the Lowlands settled. Many Galbraiths are buried in an old Church of Ireland cemetery at nearby Taughboyne, a cemetery used by all denominations for several generations. Bertie said his ancestors farmed in the area for many generations, that they were Presbyterians, and were buried at Taughboyne cemetery.

The D'Arcys also interviewed a James Galbraith who was farming near Omagh, County Tyrone. His ancestors had first settled in Craigiedoes, having sailed up Lough Swilly to get there. Turning to the Cunningham settlement: Sir James Cunningham, his uncle, brother and another Cunningham, were allocated land in the precinct of Portlough. Sir James arrived by the port of Londonderry. Since some Galbraiths were connected with the Cunninghams in Scotland, there may have been Galbraiths in the Cunningham settlement.

In an old burial ground near the ruins of Templeplasteragh Church, County Antfini, there is a gravestone inscribed: "Flora MacDonnell burying place / Here lieth the body of her husband, Dundan Galbraith of Islay who departed this Life Sept. 1795, age 55 years". There appears to have been many Galbraiths in Islay in the early 19th century. Islay is the most southerly island of the Hebrides.

Apparently there were Galbraiths who migrated from Scotland to Kilkeel and around Downpatrick, both in County Down. There were strict Presbyterians among them, some of whom moved to the parish of Creggan near Freeduff Presbyterian Church. This was in the extreme southern portion of County Armagh before 1800. Unclaimed land, this area consisted of moor, bog and hills, but the hard-working Presbyterians improved the land and later native Irish began moving in and buying it. The Presbyterians emigrated to America in large numbers, though some remained, generally moving northward to Newtonhamilton parish in County - Armagh and Mullyash Mountain and Muckno townland of County Monoghan. By 1840 there were many Galbraiths living in this area, today there seems to be only two in Newtonhamilton parish." (Source-Section III, More on the Galbraiths From the Redtower, The Clan Galbraith Association of North America, Extracted 1992 by Glenn Smith)

I do not believe the above John Galbraith is the father of James Galbraith, born about 1666 in Ireland. See Notes Section on James Galbraith, born about 1666, for additional details. I have retained this information, however, pending a final determination as to forebears of James Galbraith. (Note to File-J. P. Rhein) 		James Galbraith
 
176 "According to William Henry Egle, the noted Pennsylva historian, John came to the Province of Pennsylvania in 1718 with his brother James. Egle says that John settled in Philadelphia, their port of entry, but at this time we have no more information on him." (Source- The Red Tower, Clan Galbraith Association International, Volume XXI, No. 2, December 1999) John Galbraith
 
177 John Galbraith settled on Donegal Meeting-House Run, about two miles farther down than where his brother, Andrew located. He came in the same year with his father, James and his brother, Andrew. John built a grist and sawmill on the north side of the Marietta and Mount Joy turnpike at the run as early as 1721. He also brewed beer and kept an ordinary in 1726, to which reference is made under heads of taverns. He was elected Sherriff in 1731, and was a member of the first jury drawn in the county. (Source - History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Ellis and Evans, 1883, pp 760-761)

John Galbraith built the first grist and saw mill in East Donegal Township about the year 1721. (Source - History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Ellis and Evans 974.815 EL 59H - page 759) 		John Galbraith
 
178 "Before considering the matter of Rebecca Galbraith, daughter of 1718 James Galbraith, we should consider the birth dates of all of his children. James, born in 1666, may have married in 1688 at the age of 22. His oldest son, John, was born in 1690 and his second son, Robert, in 1692. His third son, James, was born in 1703. His daughter, Isabel, was married on August 21, 1735, and therefore, if she were a normal 18 to 22 years old when married, would have been born 1713-1717. Leaving Rebecca's birth date aside for the moment, that is a strange pattern. Two sons were born: then 11 years passed before another son was born; then perhaps another 10 years passed before Isabel was born. Did the mother of John and Robert, presumably Rebecca Chambers, die following Robert's birth? Did James Sr. marry again before the birth of James Jr.? Did a second wife die following the birth of James Jr.? Did James Sr. marry yet again before the birth of Isabel? And did that third wife also die before they all left for America, where there is no historical reference or mention of a wife to James Sr.? That is unlikely. But the sequence of birth dates is strange.

Where does Rebecca fit in this picture? We know that Rebecca did not make the trip to America in 1718. A Stewart family genealogical record states: "Alexander Stewart of Fort Stewart and Carnemauga, born about 1703, m. about 1732 Rebecca dau. John Galbraith of Newton Cunningham." We know Rebecca was the daughter of James Galbraith Sr. and we also know she did indeed marry Alexander Stewart. Could the Stewart genealogist have erred in mistaking her grandfather, John Galbraith of Newton Cunningham, for her actual father? That could support the idea that the father of 1718 James Galbraith was a John Galbraith.

If Rebecca were a normal 18-22 years old when she married Alexander Stewart, she would have been born 1710-1714. She would certainly not have been left behind in Ireland when her family left for America in 1718. Rebecca is credited with six children, the oldest being Alexander Stewart Jr. Alexander Stewart, the father, is reported to have died 1742 - 1743 in Ireland. Following his death, in 1745 Rebecca and five of her children came to Pennsylvania to join her family; and there Rebecca died in 1748. Alexander Stewart Jr. did not make that trip, but stayed behind in Donegal and inherited his father's land, If he were a son of Rebecca, Alexander Jr. might have been born at the earliest in 1733/1734. That would have made him 11-12 years old when Rebecca, his mother, left for America. That too is pretty unlikely. Surely a mother wouldn't leave an liar 12 year old child behind when she left for another continent. But all her other five children who made the trip to America appear to have been of an age to have been born after 1732.

I wonder if Rebecca was not born 1700-1701 and had been just married when her family left Donegal for America. Whom did she marry? Her will refers to a son named James Karr, but in those times individuals might refer to their sons-in-law and daughters-in-law simply as sons and daughters. So we don't know if James Karr was actually her son or a son-in-law. But if he were her son, the name James would not have been inappropriate and he might have been named for her father. One of the witnesses to her will was Elizabeth Kerr. Was she the wife of James Karr? To be 21 and a witness when Rebecca wrote her will, Elizabeth had to have been born no later than 1727. So, Rebecca might have been married to a Karr/Kerr c 1718 just before her family left for America and James might have later married an Elizabeth (last name unknown). Or Rebecca could have married a man (name unknown) c 1718 and had a daughter Elizabeth who later married James Karr/Kerr. Or James and Elizabeth were brother and sister, Rebecca's children of her first marriage with a man named Karr/Kerr. In any case James and Elizabeth might have come to America with Rebecca and her five other children. Rebecca then would have been widowed before she married Alexander Stewart in 1732. I wonder also if Alexander Stewart had not been previously married and was a widower with a son, Alexander Stewart Jr., when he married Rebecca in 1732. That would account for Alexander Jr. being older than Rebecca's other children and being left behind when Rebecca and her other children left for America." (Source - Article by Dave Colwell in the August 2009 issue of The Red Tower, Clan Galbraith Association, Vol. XXX. No 4, ISSN 1059-4264)


 		Rebecca Galbraith
 
179 Newtoncunningham is a townland situated in the civil parish of All Saints, located within the barony of Raphoe North. (Source - Donegal Ancestry, Old Meeting House, Back Lane, Ramelton, Letterkenny, County Donegal)

"In the Name of God, amen! I Rebekah Steuart of Donegall, in the county of Lancaster, Province of Pensilvania, being very sick and low in bodey, but of a perfect mind and mory, praise to God. First of all I comit my soul into the handnds of God that gave it; and my bodey to be buried in the earth in a cristian and desent leak maner at the discretion of my executors.
I apoint and costitute my loving brother John Galbraith, and my son James Karr, executors to his my last will and testment.
As for what wordly substence it hath pleased God to poses me with, I give, devise and dispose of, in the following maner.
Imprimis, viz, I give and bequeath to my son Charles Stuart, the . I know onley it is to be valued by tow indefrent men when the prehes is firs lad off, then one third is for Charity, and the other tow parts is to be equley divided between Robert & William Stuart, my tow sons.
I give & bequeath unto my daughter Frances Stuart - red cowes, also one rid young cow. This bed I lay on with close fiting fout. I alow the tow juler dishes to Frances when carelf is maid. Aso I give & bequeath to my daughter Margret, five shillings; also all my other moveables I alow to be equal to my three sons after all debts is discharged. As witness my had & seal this 28 day of December, An: dobe 1748. Rebakah (X her mark) Stuart." Witnesses were Janet Galbraith and Janet Kerr.(Janet nee Kerr) wife of John Galbraith, brother of Rebecca, and Janet Kerr, relationship to the Kerr's is unknows. (Source - Examination of original will and phococopy of will in archives, Archives Division, Lancaster County Courthouse, Lancaster, Pennsylvania Will Book J, Volume 1, page 234)

Janet Galbraith is Janet nee Kerr, the wife of John Galbraith, the brother of Rebecca. John Galbraith is deceased at the time of Rebecca's will. Janet Kerr's relationship to the Kerr family is not known.

"The inventory of Rebecca's estate was taken January 2, 1749 by William Mitchell and John Byrne and returned May 15, 1749, showing a valuation of 79 pounds, 15,6. John Byrne was born about 1715 in Ireland and settled in Donegal Township in 1749." (Stewart Clan Magazine, Tomb C, page 220)

"Rebecca Galbraith died in 1748. She left five children, Charles, Robert, William, Frances and Margaret. She was the sister of John Galbraith. James Kerr, who lived at Donegal Church, married one of the daughters. The Kerrs came from what is now Dauphin County. They were connected to the Wilson family." (Source - Notes and Queries Relating to Pennsylvania, Egle, Fourth Series, Volume I, page 100)

I believe there was a sixth child in America at the time of her death, daughter Elizabeth married to James Kerr (the James Karr referred to in her will) and that she married James Kerr in Ireland prior to their immigration. Stewart Clan Magazine mentions that Rebecca Galbraith came to America in the company of the Kerrs and others. While I have no proof of this, it is plausable that Elizabeth was in America and married to John Kerr at the time of Rebecca Galbraith's death. (Note to File - JP Rhein)

Some further notes on Rebecca Galbraith.

Janet Kerr

There is a Janet (surname unknown) married to John Galbraith, the brother of Rebecca. Mary Cole has stated that Janet's maiden name is Kerr. I have not been able to document this. The record of John Galbraith's arrival in Colonial America in October 1718, with his father James and his family and brother James shows his wife's name as Janet and a son Andrew. John died in October 1753 in Donegal Township, Lancaster County, Province of Pennsylvania. I have not been able to find any record of the death of Janet. Assuming she was about 20 years of age when she arrived in Pennsylvania in 1718. That would make her about 50 years of age at the date of the signing and witnessing of Rebecca's will in December 1748. I suspect that she could have witnessed the will, signing with her maiden name, as she was a widow at that time. I don't know.

Both Mary Cole and Heber Rankin are of the view that Elizabeth Stewart, married to James Kerr is the sister of Lieutenant William Stewart. I tend to support this view. There is a reference to an "Elizabeth Porter" in the Lineage Books of the Daughters of the American Revolution as being married to a James Kerr. I have no answer for this.

According to Notes and Queries Relating to Pennsylvania, Egle, Fourth Series, Volume I, page 100, "Rebecca Galbraith died in 1748. She left five children, Charles, Robert, William, Francis and Margaret. She was the sister of John Galbraith. James Kerr, who lived in Donegal Church, married one of the daughters. The Kerrs came from what is now Dauphin County. They were connected to the Wilson family."

This would seem to place James Kerr in America prior to his marriage to Elizabeth. On the other hand, if Elizabeth Stewart is the daughter of Rebecca when and how did she get to America?

The above reference does not account for two possible additional children, Alexander and Elizabeth, the two oldest children of Alexander Stewart and Rebecca. Galbraith. As stated above, I believe that Elizabeth married James Kerr in Ireland and that she came to Colonial America in the company of Rebecca Galbraith, her children the Kerrs and others.

According to Pennsylvania Vital records, 1700-1800's, Orphans Court Records of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, " James Morrison, Thomas Elder and John Kerr appointed guardians over James and Margaret Kerr, Orphan children of James Kerr." There is a Thomas Elder, born 1708 in Scotland, the son of Robert Elder and Eleanor nee?. Thomas is the uncle of David Elder married to Margaret Stewart, the sister of Lieutenant William Stewart. This would appear to place Thomas Elder, John Kerr and, I presume his brother, James Kerr in the same generation and the date of the appointed guardianship is around 1730 to 1750. James Kerr who is mentioned in Rebecca Galbraith's will was alive in 1748 and it may be that he is the orphaned James Kerr referred to above. If this is true it would suggest that Elizabeth Stewart did not marry him in Ireland but in Colonial America. This begs the question how and when did she get to America. She is not mentioned in Rebecca's will. Was it because she was married at that time.

If Mary Cole is correct that James Kerr married to Margaret nee is the father of James Kerr married to Elizabeth Stewart then it may be that the orphaned children were named after the grandparents.

The question remains - who raised the young orphaned children of Rebecca? Was it John and Janet Galbraith? Was it James Kerr and his wife Elizabeth, the older sister? Was it Rebecca's sister Eleanor Gass and her husband? Or was it some combination of all of the above? (Note to File - JP Rhein)

"Two-fifths of the total of American emigrants in the colonial period came from Ulster - up to 250,000 souls. They appear to have been much less exclusively Protestant than popularly supposed, and included many Anglicans as well as Presbyterians: the predominant 'Ulster Scot' stereotype does not stand up to the statistics, since about 100,000, mostly Catholic, probably came from the south in the same period. The Ulster Scots, however, stood out: possibly because even in the New World, they remained ostentatiously separate. Even more importantly, distinctive Ulster Scot communities could evolve because Ulster women emigrated, too - a development not replicated elsewhere in Ireland, except Dublin, until the nineteenth century." (Source - Modern Ireland 1600-1972 by R. F. Foster) 		Rebecca Galbraith
 
180 ROBERT GALBRAITH, THE OTHER SON OF JOHN OF IRELAND

"Robert and James Galbraith, sons of John Galbraith of Ireland, came to the New World in 1718. Both Robert and James settled in areas that are now part of the metropolitan area of Harrisburg, Pa. In most research Robert and his descendants have been confused with the descendants of the better known brother, James. For years children historian William H. Egle's book PENNSYLVANIA GENEALOGIES has been the most accepted authority on the Galbraiths; however, his research is riddled with errors. Researchers have spent manyyears doing research to straighten out all the misidentification of the Pennsylvania Galbraiths. In the last issue of The RedTower I presented a sketch of James Galbraith and his descendants that I extracted from Jean Harriger's articles in earlier issues of The RedTower. The following is a sketch of Robert Galbraith and his descendants from the same source." (Source - Editor, The Red Tower, Volume XXI, No. 3, March 2000) (Details posted to Family Tree Maker by J.P. Rhein)
 		Robert Galbraith
 
181 "Died in this borough [Carlisle, PA] on Friday last [25 Jan 1861] Mrs. Sarah W. Gibson, relict of the late Chief Justice Gibson, aged about 70 years. American Volunteer, Thursday January 31, 1861." http://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/pa/cumberland/newspapers/g1250001.txt Sarah Work Galbraith
 
182 The next laird of Culcreuch was Thomas Galbraith (the 12th Chief), who was almost certainly son of the abovementioned Andrew. He appears along with Andrew Galbraith, of Culcreuch, in the Retour of John, Lord Darnley, in 1473. Then, in 1484, he had sasine from the Crown of Over Johnstone. He took part in the rising headed by the Earl of Lennox and Robert, 2nd Lord Lyle, in 1489, and was taken at Talla Moss in Stirlingshire and hanged. Sir James Balfour, in his "Annals of Scotland," calls him "Chieffe of the Galbraiths." His lands of Culcreuch, Mulig, Bannachar and others were forfeited, but were soon restored to his successor, James Galbraith, who was without doubt his brother. (Source – Galbraiths of The Lennox, Compiled by Colonel T.L. Galloway of Auchendrana in 1944)

"Balgair, near Culcreuch, along with the nearby Hill of Balgair, had been a holding of Thomas, 12th Chief, in the late 15th century as a result of marriage to a Cunningham lady, but the property reverted to the Cunninghams after Thomas’ execution following the defeat of the Earl of Lennox’ insurrection at “Talla Moss”.

While Balgair and Hill of Balgair were the property of the Cunninghams, most of the land was worked by Galbraiths as tacksmen (long leaseholders). Most of these Galbraiths were apparently descendants of Galbraith Chiefs and number among current descendants prominent individuals, including Thomas Galbraith, Lord Strathclyde." (Source - Clan Glabraith Association)
 		Thomas Galbraith
 
183 " William, according to Egle, was bom in 1736, and this may be right. James and his wife Elizabeth were married in January 1734 in Philadelphia, so could have had a child as early as late 1734. Bertram, the next, was bom in 1738; and Thomas was supposedly bom in 1746. Several sources, including DAR papers for people claiming to be descendants of William, say he was married to Jean Webster. He may have been at some much later date in his life (although I believe these sources have him confused with another William Galbraith), but his first wife was named Margaret Buchanan, and they were married in Carlisle in 1754 when he was only about 18 years old. I found this in the marriage records of a German Lutheran minister, the Rev. John Casper Stoever--the last place you would expect to find the marriage of a staunch Scotch-Irish Presbyterian--while I was looking for Harrigers, who were Lutheran. Of course, at first I had no proof that this William was the son of James Jr., until I found additional information in the York County courthouse which proves it was the same William. In the York Co. Orphans Court, James Galbraith of Derry Township, Lancaster Co. (James Jr. lived there until 1761) appeared in 1754, acting as guardian for his son, William, and William's wife, Margaret, who were both under legal age, representing them against Jane Buchanan, widow of Robert Buchanan, in an attempt to obtain a share of Buchanan's estate for his daughter Margaret. (Whether they got any of it or not, I was unable to find out.) Jane and Robert Buchanan were among the earliest settlers of Cumberland County, having moved there from Donegal at least 20 years earlier than James Galbraith.

I also found references in later York County records to land deeds involving both Bertram Galbraith (of Lancaster Co.) and a William Galbraith "of Baltimore, Maryland", I feel the latter had to be William, brother of Bertram, for although Bertram did have a son William, he would have been too young at this particular time to be involved in land purchases. So it would appear that William may have lived in Maryland for awhile after his earlier marriage, which certainly had some aspects of a "hurry-up" affair and was probably embarrassing to both families. William, and his wife were both under the legal age, meaning they would have had to have parental consent, and this may be why they were married by an itinerant Lutheran minister (who also married many other Scotch-Irish couples in the area) rather than in the Presbyterian Church of Carlisle, which had been established in the 1730s (and still stands today). I believe also that James must have given William a cash settlement of some kind, as I can find no record in Lancaster, Cumberland or York counties of any land transfer between the two, while James' gift of land to Bertram is recorded in the Lancaster County courthouse. (James may have owned land in Maryland, which borders on Lancaster County, and may have given this to him. I have been unable to research Maryland records to date, so have not been able to follow up on this.) The reader may wonder how William, whose family lived Der-ry, LancasterCounty, metMargaret Buchanan, whose family lived in Cumberland County near Carlisle. Actually the distance was not great, only about 15 or 20 miles, but the Susquehanna River divided the two counties. However, colonial records show that William, young as he was (I8, according to Egle's birthdate, but he could have been as old as 20) was a surveyor for the provincial government and as Cumberland County had only been erected from Lancaster in 1750, there was a great deal of surveying of land warrants there for years afterward. Also, there were strong ties between the Galbraiths and the Buchanans (going all the way back to Scotland) and they had also been neighbors of the Galbraiths at Donegal before moving to Cumberland County in the 1740s. So William undoubtedly knew the family well before his marriage to Margaret.

Letter from Richard Peters, secretary of the Provincial Council, to Thomas Penn in 1755: Ed. Shippen succeeds himself for office except that of Deputy Surveyor, which is given by Mr. Scull with the Government's approval and on my recommendation to a son of Mr. James Galbreath of Paxtang, who has been a steady friend to the Government and the Proprietary Interests ever since your departure."
This could only have been Wiffiam, as in 1755 he was the only son of James who was old enough to have been a surveyor. Bertram, bom 1738, was a noted surveyor in his time, but he would have been only 17 at this time. William was just married, and it is quite probable that his father obtained this position for him through his influence with the government and his close friendship with Robert Peters (from whom he bought the land he later occupied in East Pennsboro Township). (Source - The Galbraith Families of Donegal Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, A Collection of Works, The Clan Galbraith Association of North America, May 1992)

WILLIAM GALBRAITH OF BALTIMORE AND SONS - WILLIAM NOBLE AND THOMAS GALBRAITH
By Elizabeth Galbraith DeCarolis
The Red Tower, Clan Galbraith Association International, Volume XX, No. 2, December 1998.

The tree I've outlined in this article needs to be documented since it claims a link with the Galbaiths of Donegal. Since I wrote the articles about William Galbraith of Baltimore that appeared in the March and June, 1998 issues of The RedTower, I have found still more material to substantiate the family ties. Williams (1736 - 1788) in his will of 1780, proved in October, 1788, names his next younger brother Bertram (I738 - 1804) as executor and for a long time I had looked for evidence that Bertram had actually performed such a duty. While he was still leasing a waterfront lot on Baltimore's Gay Street, William Galbreath "of Baltimore Town in the Province of Maryland' had deeds recorded of land purchases in both Cumberland and York counties, PA from Thomas Colhoun (sic) 'late of the County of Cumberland in the Province of Pennsylvania but now of the Province of Nova Scotia," eldest son and serving as surviving executor of his father John Colhoun's estate.

These two deeds were:

6 Oct 1768 (recorded 5 May 1769 Cumberland County) - a deed for land in West Pennsboro, Cumberland Co., PA: 200 acres for f 200, adjoining the lands of Ezekiel Dunning and Robert Dunning, 'which land is claimed by the said Robert Dunning.ff' This is the same parcel which Rebecca Calhoun, widow of John, had already deeded to her younger son James 'for Natural love & affection" and 5 shillings on 20 July 1763 but which was not recorded until 09 August 1790.' James Calhoon then had sold the land to one of the Carothers, according to William of Baltimore's will.

6 Oct 1768 (recorded 7 Feb 1770 York County) - deed for land in Manchester Twp., York Co., PA for 402 acres for F200, 'adjoining lands of John Welsh, John Connely and Connewago Creek."' This is the same tract which had already been sold by Sheriff David McConoughy through a court order to William Smith, merchant of Baltimore on 31 Oct 1767. (See section - Five Confusing Deeds.)

Both deeds appear to have been executed and witnessed in Nova Scotia, with further verification by John Monro, Notary Publick (sic) for Nova Scotia but located in 'Boston in New England" on 29 November 1768. Was William on a trading trip to Nova Scotia in 1768 with a stopover in Boston on the way back to Baltimore? Was he uneasy about his financial decisions and wished the extra verification before telling his father, James, Jr., who had advanced him f 200, and brother Bartrem about his land purchases? Or had he been sent as an agent by father James to negotiate for and buy the strategically-located parcel in West Pennsboro? Why did he buy the second parcel in York County? As late as 1780 when William wrote his will leaving household furniture to his "beloved consort' Hester Rees and land and money to his two sons, William Noble and Thomas, he still believed that his estate included the parcel in West Pennsboro because he lists the land "kn(ywn by the name of Calhoones Land near to dunnings spring sold by a certain James Calhoon to one Carruthers for which I have a deed from Thomas Calhoone and Recorded in the Office for Cumberland Countey." He apparently did not know that the transaction from Rebecca Calhoon to her son, James had taken place before he paid f 200 for the same parcel! And did Thomas Calhoon as executor of his father's estate not know about the land transactions?

Court Cases and Bartram as Executor for William

In April, 1754, there is an entry in the index for the Court of Common Pleas, Cumberland County, PA for James Galbreath vs Ezekiel Dunning which was not heard but rather continued from year to year until the entry finally reads James Galbraith, deceased, vs Ezekiel Dunning for the January session 1792 and continued again to August 1795. Could this be about a land dispute? The subject matter is not given but the plaintiffs are steadily dying off. And then, for the October, 1788 court term in Cumberland County, PA (the same month William's will was proved in Baltimore County, MD) there is an entry which reads "Banram Galbreath, Executor of William Galbreath Deceased vs John Galbreath (Galbreath here may be an error on the part of the court clerk since the index reads John Calhoun), administrator of Rebecca Calhoon Deceased Origl action No. 56 to October Term 1760 continued April 1789 on Motion on behalf of James Carother-s that the judgment in this Sci. Fa. (L. for scire facias) be set aside and that a Trial shall be had of the Merits of the Cause and by consent of the Plaintiff's attorney the Court directs that the judgment on the Sci. Fa. be set aside, defendant Pleads payment with Leave to give the Special Matter in Evidence Replecn. (?) non Solvit and Issue and Rule for Trial." Court costs are listed and the case is continued each session until April 1791 when the entry Removed by Certiorari is written, probably meaning appealed to a higher court.' There's more work to be done here but at least Bartram Galbraith has been identified in his role as executor of William of Baltimore's estate.

Five Confusing Deeds in York County, PA

Something which has puzzled me for some time are several deeds related to the Manchester Twp., York Co., PA tract of 402 acres (the same tract William of Baltimore had been deeded in Nova Scotia, 1768).
The history goes like this.-
20 Feb. 1779 - William Smith of Baltimore Town to Bartram Galbraith, Esq. of Lancaster County: 402 acres in ManchesterTwp.forf2OO. Withinthis deed are sections which relate the land's earlier history: the Court of Common Pleas in the fifth year of the reign of George III (1 764 or 1765?) had ordered the sheriff to sell the land in settlement of John and Rebecca Calhoon's estates. Sheriff Robert McPherson completed his term of office and 3was succeeded by Sheriff David McConoughy, Esq. who had then on 31 Oct 1767 conveyed the 402 acres to William Smith, merchant of Baltimore, for f 200. 6 Oct 1768 - this is the sale from Thomas Colhoon in Nova Scotia to William Galbraith described earlier. Beyond these two deeds there were also three others dealing with the same piece of land 3 May 1794 - Banram Galbraith to Michael Flouri: 12 acres for f 60.13 June 1796 - Bartram Galbraith to Abraham Leib: 53 acres for L233.6.8. 16 March 1797 - Bartram Galbraith to Samuel Gross: 105 acres for f 328. "But the fi na I section of the 20 Feb 1 779 deed provides another important piece of documentation about Bartram's management and financial skills and his relationship to William of Baltimore: this deed was executed in Baltimore and witnessed and signed by William Neill and William Galbraith. That same year Bartram began showing up on the Manchester, York County tax list. Bartram Galbraith of Donegal appears to be a man of enormous energy and attention to minute detail, a tireless and conscientious younger brother to William of Baltimore. And yes, he was keeping track of his travel expenses because in James, Jr.'s estate inventory' dated 29 Aug 1786 are listed:
'Bonds of William Galbreath in Bartrim Galbreath's hand -f 563.0.0"
'to Cash due from William Galbraith being money lent 20 Years past -f 200.0.0"

William Noble Galbraith

After Hester Rees Galbraith's marriage to John Farmer in Baltimore Town (see footnote 18) on 12 September 1788, the 1790 Maryland census does not list a John Farmer, but William Noble as eldest son according to his father's will, appears in the public record in 1790 on a Probate Record index in Baltimore County,'o working as a tanner in Baltimore County. He is always meticulous in using the initial N or the name Noble in the middle of his name as he pursued two separate land transactions: 4 March 1793 - a lease assignment and mortgage deed for 3.5 acres in the Chatsworth parcel northwest of the city along the Reisterstown turnpike from Jacob Kuhn, also a tanner." 31 October 1793 - assignment deed to lease Lot #49 on the east side of Calvert Street along the waterfront, also from Jacob Kuhn."

One of the most important clues for William Galbraith researchers is the announcement of the marriage of William Noble Galbraith to Mary Range. The ol November 1793 issue of the Baltimore Daily Intelligencer reports that William Noble Galbraith, of Baltimore, and "the agreeable Miss Mary Range, of Pennsylvania, were married a few days ago.' I was able to locate on microfilm the actual announcement. (if one wants to read this, the lntelligencer replaced the Baltimore Daily Repository, ran for a year, then, in turn, was replaced by the Federal lntelligencer and Baltimore Daily Gazette.)
More deeds followed:
*15 August 1794 - William Noble assigns the deed to lease the Chatsworth parcel to job Smith of Baltimore Town. 13
*25 June 1795 - he assigns the lease on Lot #49 on the harbor to Thomas Gilbert as he and Mary Range Galbraith prepare to move back to Pennsylvania. The deed states that he still owes Jacob Kuhn f 130 in back rent and repayment of his mortgate."
16 May 1796 - now in Cumberland County, PA William Noble is deeded 100 acres in Tyrone and Juniata Twps by John Lawshe."
3 September 1796 - sells the Tyrone/ Juniata parcel to Jacob Kuhn of Baltimore County. "
With each of the land sales he makes a slight gain, but after 3 years of marriage and probably one or two children he appears to still be in debt.
* August 1797 - Case #47 in Court of Common Pleas, Cumberland County

William N. Galbraith vs Henry Brangan, charge of trespassing. Case not heard, continued until August 1808 when a finding of N.I.H.I.L. (nothing) is reached. 11 July 1798 - in Kline's Carlisle Weekly Gazette he petitions for relief from debt and the petition is scheduled to be heard in the August 6 session of the Court of Common Pleas for Cumberland County. This case also is never heard. Have William Noble and Mary Range removed to York County to be near her family? 7 February 1799 - William (no Noble in this signature) receives with Mary Range the legacy from Theobald Shollas, Mary's grandfather, in the amount of F36-9.7 to be paid by John Range, executor for Shollas's estate." I had long believed that the William and Mary Galbraith in Mt. Pleasant, Adams county, PA in the census records of 1800 through 1840 were William Noble and Mary Range Galbraith. But the will of Mary Galbraith in the September RedTower submitted by Frances Williams, indicates that Mary's parents were Robert and Isabella Galbraeth. Are any of our members descended from William Noble and Mary Range Galbraith? Have they removed to Tennessee with others of the Range family? Jean Harriger seems to think so but I haven't located them yet. 		William Galbraith
 
184 Falling Spring could also be called Guilford. It was Lancaster County in 1750, Cumberland County in 1750-1784, Franklin County in 1784.

On August 29, 1999, I visited Chambersburg and on the eastern outskirts drove along Falling Spring Road which runs somewhat adjacent to Falling Spring. According to 'Chambersburg in the Colony and the Revolution' by Lewis H. Garrard, Philadelphia, S.B. Lippincott and Co., 1856, "Falling Spring commenced at the confluence of several large springs and held its meandering way through natural meadows. Finally, the brook contracted for the impetutous leap from rock to rock and in foam and mist and rapid rill mingled with the waters of the Conococheague". I covered about eight miles of Falling Spring and indeed it did meander through a number of natural meadows that still remain to this day. I did see some remains of an old stone foundation and at another location an old stone building. There were no markers at either of these locations. Benjamin Chambers, the founder of Chambersburg build a log house about 1730 and later a saw mill and a grist mill. Benjamin Chambers married the daughter of Captain Robert Patterson of Lancaster in 1741. People at Falling Spring were almost excusively Scotch Irish Presbyterian. (Note to file by J.P. Rhein)

A review of Benjamin Gass' will dated, August 7, 1751 in the County of Cumberland in the Province of Pennsylvania shows that he left among other things, (1) two hundred acres of land lying upon the East Spring or East Branch of the Falling Spring to his son William Gass, his heirs and assigns and (2) 100 acres of land next to the mill adjoining to Thomas Beard's line to his youngest son, Benjamin Gass. (Note to file - JP Rhein)

Fulling - Fulling Mill

When handwoven wool cloth is made on a loom, the cloth is not very tight and the wool still contains too much grease and oils. The fulling process involves beating the cloth in a wooden tub with some water and soap. Fulling removes the oils and the beating forms a denser, more compact cloth. In a fulling mill a waterwheel powers a pair of wooden mallets to beat the cloth in the tub, often for days. This process shrinks the cloth to perhaps 1/2 its original size. The fulled cloth needs to be stretched and dried. This is done on a tentering frame. When the fulled cloth was dried, it is often further processed by having its nap raised and then cut smooth with heavy shears.

"Died leaving wife Eleanor with four minor children. Built the mill at Falling Springs and left it to his minor sons William and Benjamin Jr. These were the William and Benjamin whom Patrick Gass' granddaughter wrote about. She believed they came from Ireland. Since she didn't seem to know about their father, I believe she could have been wrong about the place of origin for the family." (Source - Mary H. Cole)

The origion of the Gass family is uncertain and will need to be investigated further. The following paragraphs list some possibilities

"When researching Ireland for others of my families, I kept my eyes open for Gass/Goss. There were none in my period of interest - before 1700. I found no family by that name on the hearth tax." (Source - Mary H. Cole)

"Benjamin Gass was probably of Huguenot extraction and was of a large party of expert fullers of linen taken to Ulster in 1665 by the Duke of Ormand from Brabant in the Netherlands to promote the linen manufacture in Ireland. Benjamin was a fuller of cloth and moving to Chambersburg, Cumberland County (now Franklin County) he operated a fulling mill for the manufacture of cloth on Falling Spring Creek. Benjamin died in the winter of 1751 and left four orphan children: Prudence, Mary, William and Benjamin Jr. His wife Elinor died about 1758. The four orphan children had for guardians, Benjamin Chambers and John Potter of Cumberland County (now Franklin County). William continued his father's fulling mill as late as 1783. Benjamin Gass' will is recorded in Book A, page 14, probated January 2, 1752." (Source - A Family of Millers and Stewarts, Dr. Robert F. Miller, 1909)

"A cousin, Robert Gass of South Africa, researched the family Gass and sold books on his results. I have one but Jeanette T. thought it was so much searching for royal ties. In any case, when I was in Africa for lectures at U. Cape Town and my daughter's wedding in Nambia, I visited the grandson of Robert Gass. He had recently traveled to the sites identified by his Grandfather and had pictures of the old farmstead, mill and other remnants. The next June, on my way to a meeting in Aberdeen, Scotland, I stopped for a week in the Scottish highlands and walked through the river valley and found their old farmstead and mill. It was just a small rock house with a rock drain into a cistern on a farm owned by an Oglethorpe. The long and short of the book is that the Gass group were Scottish Highlands land owners in the river valley of the Earn (Strathearn) east of Crief at first but lost their lands after three centuries, spent a century in southern Scotland and northern Ireland and now have spent three centuries on the North American continent. Of course there are still lots of Gasses along the way." (Source - Letter from Paul Smith, dated January 29, 1998 to his cousin, Sandra Smith Schakel, 96 Placitas Trails Rd, Placitas, NM 87043-9402, SSchakel@aol.com) 		Benjamin Gass
 
185 Resided in Goochland County, Virginia and Albermarle County, Virginia.
Mary Ann's land in 1742. Source Goochland County, Virginia Book 4, page 36. 		James Gass
 
186 After the death of his father in Madison County, Kentucky, John Gass was interviewed for the Draper Collection of Manuscripts which are now at the University of Wisconsin. In the interview he told of the talking of the Boone and Callaway girls by the Indians, near the fort in Boonesborough, in 1776. He mentions that his cousin John Gass swam the river during the rescue attempt. In 1798 there was a deed in Bourbon County, Kentucky where John Gass, son of Henry, sold land to John Gass son of David. (Source - Mary H. Cole, taken from and article sent by Ms. L. M. Rathbone of Austin, Texas to Mrs. Bette Rathbone, Austin, Texas, which was sent to Mary H. Cole) John Gass
 
187 It is my practice to enter in the notes section most of the information that I research or obtain from various sources and fellow correspondents in order to preserve a permanent record. As a result the notes section may contain some conflicting information that I am unable to resolve. This is the case with respect to the Gass line. (Note to File - JP Rhein)

The mouth of Conodoquinet Creek at the Susquehanna River is located just south of West Fairview in now Cumberland County and flows west, passing to the north of Carlisle where it ends about five miles west of Carlisle. (Note to file - JP Rhein) 		John Gass
 
188 Galbraith and Robert Stewart told their grandchildren many times the story that Mary Gass who was a very fair and beautiful girl like her Holland ancestors, had been stolen by the Indians and that William Stewart was one of the rescuing party. She stayed in the wigwams for several years until taken to Canada. The rescuing party was headed by then governor of the Colony of Pennsylvania. (Source - A Family of Millers and Stewart by Dr. Robert F. Miller, 1909) Mary Gass
 
189 Falling Spring, is the name by which the first settlement in the western part of Lancaster County was known for many years. As early as 1730 Benjamin and Joseph Chambers, two brothers visited a spot at the confluence of Falling Spring and Conococheague creeks. (Source - The History and Topography of Dauphin, Cumberland, Franklin, Bedford, Adams and Perry Counties, Pennsylvania, 1846 - page 39.)

When his father moved to Maryland, he left Patrick with his grand-uncle MacClane for three years to be educated, but Patrick claimed afterward to have "learned reading, writing and ciphering in 19 days'. The family returned from Maryland and Benjamin Gass, Jr. started west with his whole family and settled first at Beason's Town, Pennsylvania, now called Uniontown. In 1775 they moved to Catfish Camp, near what is now Washington, Pennsylvania. Patrick lived to be 99 years of age and died at his home near Independence, Washington County, Pennsylvania in 1870. In the fall of 1803 he volunteered for the expedition across the Rocky Mountains, under Captains Merriwether Lewis and George Clark. He with John Ordway and Nathaniel Pryor, were appointed sergeants. Lewis and Clark insisted that the sergeants keep diaries, in addition to those kept by the captains. Patrick's was made into a book and issued March 26, 1807, under the title "Lewis and Clark's Journal to the Rocky Mountains in the Years 1804-5-6, as Related by Patrick Gass, one of the Officers of the Expedition'. A second edition of this work appeared in 1847 from the Dayton, Ohio, Press.

When age 58, in 1829, Patrick Gass boarded with John Hamilton at Independence and married his daughter, Maria Hamilton, in 1830. They had seven children. She died of measles in 1846 on their farm.

In 1859 a "Life of and Times of Partick Gass" was issued at Wellsburg, Virginia (now West Virginia) by J. G. Jacob.

(Source - A Family of Millers and Stewarts, by Dr. Robert F. Miller, 1909)

"Beeson's Town, now Uniontown, was settled in 1767 and laid out (1776) by Henry Beeson, a Quaker. Its location on the old National Road was an important factor in its early development. It lies along Redstone Creek, among the rugged foothills of the Alleghenies, 45 miles southeast of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Fort Necessity National Battlefield, 11 miles southeast, is the site of the opening battle of the French and Indian Wars." (Source - Encyclopedia Britannica)

"The Lewis and Clark expedition is both one of the greatest adventures undertaken by Americans and one of the best documented at the time. The University of Nebraska Press edition of the Journals of Lewis and Clark now reaches 10 of the projected 13 volumes that will contain the complete record of the expedition.

In order that the fullest record possible be kept of the expedition, Captains Lewis and Clark required their sergeants to keep journals to compensate for possible loss of the captain's own accounts. The sergeants' accounts extend and corroborate the journals of Lewis and Clark and contribute to the full record of the expedition. Volume 10 contains the journal of expedition member Sergeant Patrick Gass.

Gass was promoted to sergeant on the expedition to fill the place of the deceased Charles Floyd. His journal was subsequently published and proved quite popular: it went through six editions in six years. A skilled carpenter, Gass was almost responsible for supervising the building of Forts Mandan and Catsop; his records of those forts are particularly detailed and useful. Gass was to live until 1870, the last survivor of the expedition and the one who lived to see transcontinental communication fulfill the promise of the expedition.

(Source - The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Volume 10, The Journal of Patrick Gass, May 14, 1804-September 23, 1806, University of Nebraska Press, Gary E. Moulton, Editor)

"... Captain Russell Bissell at Kaskaskia was ordered to provide Lewis with the best boat on the post and with a sergeant and "eight good men who understand rowing a boat". They would carry baggage for Lewis, to his winter quarters in Missouri, then descend before the ice closed in. Bissell refused Sergeant Patrick Gass's request to join the expedition, presumably on the grounds that he couldn't afford to lose his best non-commissioned officer. Lewis used the authority given him by Dearborn to enlist Gass anyway" (Source- Undaunted Courage by Stephen Ambrose)

A Guide With Attitude

"As the nation prepares to backtrack into the rich historical detail of the Lewis and Clark expedition, no guide is more sorely missed than Sacagawea, the teenage Indian interpreter whose role in helping negotiate the grand unknown of the West two centuries ago remains as mysterious and tantalizing as ever. Part of the problem is that while the explorers' journals offer all manner of description of the woodland life they encountered, the entries about Sacagawea focus on her indispensability more than her day-to-day individuality. Her face is on the gold dollar coin, on license plates, on product labels and more, but it's idealized, just like so many crucial details of her life. Legions of schoolchildren have yearned to know more but are offered conflicting information and myths. But among the theses worthy of the expedition's bicentennial commemoration over the next three years is that Sacagawea was this nation's first peace ambassador. The story is well known of her success in finding her native Shoshones - the tribe from which she was kidnapped as a child - and arranging the
crucial purchase of horses the expedition needed to cross the Rockies. No less vital, however, was her daily presence as the only woman in the 33-member expedition, one who packed her infant on her back throughout the rigorous trek. Tribes along the way that had to be wary of alien war parties and that had never seen non-Indian strangers respected the very sight of her. "A woman with a party of men is a token of peace," Captain Clark wrote appreciatively in his journal. More beguiling was Sacagawea's moment of rebellion upon approaching the Pacific when she was to be left behind and denied a once-in-a-lifetime sight of the great waters. She plainly spoke up. "The Indian woman was very importunate to be permitted to go, and was therefore indulged," wrote Captain Lewis, teasing posterity further about this peace ambassador with attitude." (Source- New York Times, January 4, 2003)

"At present, there's little more than a marker at a turnout from the road that runs along the broad Columbia River near a spot that was called Camp Station. It was here on November 24, 1805, that the Lewis and Clark Expedition - having reached the ocean and, as one member wrote, 'the end of our voyage' - voted on where to spend the winter before returning home. What made the vote significant: No one was excluded. It may have been the first time in American history that a black slave and a woman, notably an Indian woman, participated equally with white men in a recorded vote. 'At night, the party was consulted by the Commanding Officers, as to the place most proper for winter quarters,' wrote Sgt. Patrick Gass in his journal of the day. 'The whole party assembled', Pvt Joseph Whitehouse noted. In William Clark's journal, long columns record first and second choices. The last vote listed is that of York, Clark's servant. Like most of the others, York chose to make the difficult crossing of the Columbia into what is now Oregon, where Indians had said elk could be found. Sacagawea, the Shoshone woman who made the trip, also voted. Using her nickname, Clark wrote: 'Janey in favour of a place where there is plenty of Potas' - an edible root. The experiment in equality had no impact on entrenched discrimination. I would be 115 years before the 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote. Slaves were emancipated in 1863, but more than a century passed before the Voting Rights Act became law." (Source - The Associated Press, Sarasota-Herald Tribune, Sunday, January 12, 2002)

 		Patrick Gass
 
190 The administration of his estate was given to Henry Gass. Samuel Gass
 
191 William continued his father's fulling mill as late as 1783. (Source - Frontier Families of Toby Township, Clarion County, Pennsylvania, Stewart, page 2)

"To be rented, or let on Shares, a Fulling Mill, with about 10 acres of good land, on the Falling Spring, within a mile and a half of Chambersburg. William Gass" (Source- The Franklin Repository, November 10, 1803) 		William Gass
 
192 Unless otherwise noted, information on Forguson Potter George and his family was furnished by Butch George. Forguson Potter George
 
193 " We now have proof that John Gass, son of Henry was in Bourbon County, Kentucky and was the John Gess who served in the Revolution.

Bourbon County, Kentucky - Deed Book E - page 20

This indenture made and concluded this twenty fourth day of October in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety eight between John Gass (son of Henry) of the county of Bourbon and state of Kentucky of one part, and John Gass (son of David) of the county and state aforesaid of the other part, witnessed that the said John Gass (son of Henry) for and in consideration of the sum of ten pounds current money of Kentucky, to him in hand paid, the receipt whereof he dath hereby acknowledge, hath granted, bargained, sold and by these presents doth, grant, bargain and sell unto the said John Gass (son of David) his heirs or assigns forever, one certain tract or parcel of land containing by survey two hundred acres, lying and being in Bourbon County on the head of Johnstons fork of Licking, being the Eastward by half of a settlement right granted to the said John Gass (son of Henry) by patent, bearing date the twenty third day of May in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty five and bounded as following, to wit, Beginning ...

In witness where of the said John Gass (son of Henry) hath here unto set his hand and affixed his seal, the day and year first above written in presence of us

John Gass
James Black
Joseph Henderson
James Gass

Bourbon County
Court 1799 January"

(Source - Mary H. Cole, 70 Ridgecrest Rd, Kentfield, CA 94904-2476, CDGG47A@Prodigy.com) 		John Gess
 
194 "Was an officer in the Revoluntionary Army who was killed during St. Clair's Expedition against the Indians on the Miami River in 1791." (Source - Gene Boak, Perry Historians) George Gibson
 
195 "John Bannister Gibson died in Philadelphia, PA, 3 May 1853. Born in Sherman's Valley 8 Nov 1780, son of Lt. Col. George Gibson, an officer of the Revolutionary Army who was killed during St. Clair's Expedition against the Indians on the Miami River in 1791." Gene Boak, Perry Historians. http://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/pa/cumberland/newspapers/g1250001.txt John Bannister Gibson
 
196 "Norman C. Emerick alerted me to the existence of File Abt. 331 R 3, Hessen-Darmstadt. Amt Wallau-Eppstein in the Wiesbaden Archives; this wonderful source mentions several emigrants who eventually found their way to colonial N.Y. Henrich Emrich's Widow from Delkenheim, along with Georg Henrich Stubenrauch (son-in-law of Anna Margaretha Grunagel), paid 20 G. for freedom from serfdom in 1709. (Source - The Palatine Families of New York, Volume II, by Henry Z. Jones, Jr., Picton Press, Camden, Maine, Page 1169. This notation is also cross-referenced to John Michael Emmerich {Hunter Lists #165}) (Note to File - J.P. Rhein) Anna Margaretha Grunagel
 
197 1900 United States Federal Census
about Charles F Hartman
Name: Charles F Hartman
Home in 1900: Toby, Clarion, Pennsylvania
Age: 23
Birth Date: Dec 1876
Birthplace: Pennsylvania
Race: White
Ethnicity: American
Gender: Male
Relationship to Head of House: Son
Father's Name: Louis
Father's Birthplace: Pennsylvania
Mother's Name: Elisabeth E
Mother's Birthplace: Pennsylvania
Marriage year: 1873
Marital Status: Single
Years Married: 27
Residence : Rimersburg Borough, Clarion, Pennsylvania

 		Charles Fulmer Hartman
 
198 1910 United States Federal Census
Father's Name: David H. Hartman, age 37
Father's Birth Place: Pennsylvania
Home in 1910: Licking, Clarion, Pennsylvania
Race: White
Gender: Male
Neighbors: View others on page
Household Members: Name Age

Olive M Hartman 34
Lottie B Hartman 15
Russel R Hartman 14
Herman R Hartman 11
Mena P Hartman 9
Mable K Hartman 6
Grace L Hartman 4
Elsie E Hartman 2


 		David Howard Hartman
 
199 Name Deceased Birthplace Place of Death Age Cause of Death
David Howard Hartman February 16, 1952 Mt. Airy, Clarion Co,Pa. Butler Hospital, Pa. 79 yrs Heart Attack
Burial Cemetery Lot Section Undertaker
2/19/1952 Mt. Zion Guy M. Hawk, Sligo, Pa.
Survivors Notes
Children: Lottie B. Dixon, Russell R. Hartman, Herman R. Hartman, Myrna P. McCall, Grace L. Fagley, Elsie E. Thompson, Myra A. Best and Evelyn G. Neely Services were held from the funeral home with the Rev. Fox of Mount Zion Lutheran Church,assisted by th dob-10-14-1872 Father: Lewis Hartman Mother: Ellen Humphrey Hartman
Married 8/3/1893 to Olive Reichard
(Source - Eccles-Lesher Library, Rimersburg, Clarion County, Pennsylvania) 		David Howard Hartman
 
200 Obituary: Hartman Rites on February 19

Funeral services were conducted from the Guy M. Hawk Funeral Home, on Tuesday afternoon, February 19, 1952, at 2:00 o'clock for David Howard Hartman. 79, highly respected Sligo resident, who died of a heart attack, February 16, 1952.

Rev. Fox, pastor of the Mount Zion Lutheran Church, officiated and was assisted by Rev. Paul Dunlap, pastor of the Sligo Methodist Church. Burial was made in the Mt Zion Cemetery.

Mr Hartman's death occured in the Butler Memorial Hospital where he had gone to visit his wife, who had undergone an operation. (gall bladder)

Born October 14, 1872 at Mt Airy, he was a son of the late Lewis and Ellen Humphrey Hartman. On August 3, 1893, he was married to Olive Maude Reichard, who survives.

He also leaves eight children, Lottie B. Dixon, Russell R. Hartman, Herman R. Hartman, Myrna P. McCall, Grace L. Fagley, Elsie E. Thompson, Mrya A. Best and Evelyn G. Neely, 29 grand children and eight great grand children. Two children, Mabel and Arnold are deceased. Mr Hartman was a member of the Mt Zion Lutheran Church and was devoted and faithful to the church of his choice.
 		David Howard Hartman
 

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