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501 Dr. Robert F. Miller, in his book, "A Family of Millers and Stewarts", published August 1909, states that William Stewart, born August 21, 1779, among other things, (1) married Eleanor Knox of Harrisburg (2) settled on property on the Susquehanna River, which property was give to him by his father Lieutenant William Stewart (3) subsequently moved to to Wayne County, Ohio, and (4) was the grandfather of J. H. Stewart. These assertions are refuted in a memorandum prepared by Joseph Philip Rhein which is on file in Section 28 of The Ancestors of the Grandchildren of Joseph Philip Rhein and Janet Anne Houston located in Sarasota, Florida.

William Stewart, a blacksmith, followed his brothers, Benjamin and Galbraith, west to Washington County, where he met Sarah McKibben at Buffalo, Washington County. (Source - Frontier Families of Toby Township, Clarion County, Pennsylvania, Janice Yingling, Editor, May 1995, page Stewart 7))

"The family moved to Armstrong County (later Toby Township, Clarion County) about 1808 and located about three miles west of Callensburg. A few years later they moved to the vicinity of Dutch Hill and located on what was now known as the Andrew Bowser farm, where he remained until his death in 1825, age 46. He was a blacksmith by trade and tradition pictures him as a very large man of unusual physical strength. I have heard the story of Mr. Stewart's death but cannot verify it. The story goes that he and Mrs. Stewart were making a trip on horseback when, not far from home he was taken ill and they were compelled to stop and dismount, where he died under a tree somewhere near the top of Gates Hill." (Source - "History of William Stewart (1799-1825) and His Descendants", by Reverend Peter Snyder, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The author lived from 1873 to 1954 and probably wrote this history around 1910)

William Stewart left the farm to his son, Robert Stewart, who was born in 1807 on the family farm. Robert married Sara McCall. Their son Robert Stewart, born in 1830 and married Catherine Peters, inherited the family farm. When Robert died in 1902 he willed the farm to his son, Wilbur Wallace Stewart, born 1870 on the family farm, with the provision that Wilbur's mother, Catherine Peters Stewart, would have a home there as long as she lived. She died in 1912. On Wilbur's death in 1946, the family farm was willed to his daughter Martha Elseta Stewart, born 1900, married to William Owens Rose, and the grandchildren. The present operator of the farm is Walter Keith Rose, grandson of Martha Elseta Stewart Rose and son of William Stewart Rose born 1927. (Source - "A Heritage, Biography and Family History of Harold W. Stewart" by Norma M. Stewart)

Dutch Hill was so named because it was settled by Pennsylvania Dutch from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. It is one of the highest points in Clarion County and commands an impressive view looking west to the Allegheny River valley below.

On August 21, 1999, I visited the farm with a number of Stewarts attending the reunion held the following day at the farm of Grover Stewart located in Porter Township and met with Walter Keith Rose. Walter Keith Rose had recently completed construction of a modern house approximately on the site of the original house. He advised that it is the third house to be built at that location. The barn appears to have been built somtime after the early 1800's and is probably the second barn at that site. I toured some of the farmland and indeed the view is impressive, particularly as you look west across rolling fields to the Allegheny River valley in the background. (Note to file by J.P. Rhein)

On September 11, 1999, I visited the Upper Buffalo Cemetery adjacent to the Upper Buffalo Presybertian Church in Buffalo, Washington County. I did not locate any tombstones of the Stewarts; however, there were about 25 to 30 markers that are no longer readable. (Note to file by J.P. Rhein)

Perry Township was named for Oliver Hazard Perry, the U.S. Naval Commander who was victorious over the British on Lake Erie in the War of 1812.

Early settlers in Toby Township, Armstrong County, now Clarion County, in 1801 - 1805 included William Stewart, Honorable Joseph Rankin and James McCall. (Source - Caldwell's Illustrated Historical Combination Atlas of Clarion County, Pennsylvania. Published by J. A. Caldwell, 1877)

A review of copies of extracts of the cemetery records of the Concord Presbyterian Church, Perry Township, Clarion County, Pennsylvania (obtained from the Clarion County Historical Society) show a Sarah Stewart, W/o William Stewart, d/o Thomas McKibben, as having died 1918 (apparently a transposition - should be 1819) but no lot number (page 20). Page 21 shows a William Stewart H/o Sarah McKibben Stewart, with the same birth and death dates that are shown on the Family Tree Maker, Family Page, but again no lot number. On August 21, 1999, I visited the cemetery and viewed the tombstone of William and Sarah. The Reverend Robert McGarrough's tombstone is directly behind that of William and Sarah. (Note to File by J.P. Rhein)

TIMELINE

In 1824 when William Stewart was 45 years of age, before the emergence of the present two-party system, Republicans and Democrats, all four presidental candidates that year appeared on the ballots in only six of the then 24 states. Six states, including New York, had no elections: their state legislators picked the electors to the Electoral College. Nationally, only about 350,000 of the 4 million eligible white males voted. Andrew Jackson received 38,149 more votes that John Quincy Adams, but neither received a majority of electoral votes. So the House of Representatives decided, picking Adams. (Source - Excerpts from an article by George Will on the Electoral College written November 2000.)

TIMELINE

James Madison was the fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). His presidency was marked by the War of 1812 (1812-1815), a conflict between the United States and Britain, fought over the maritime rights of neutrals.

Background

During the Napoleonic Wars (1793-1815) between France and Britain, both countries violated the maritime rights of neutral powers. Each nation sought to blockade the other, and vessels violating either blockade were seized. Collectively, the two nations seized nearly 1,500 American vessels between 1803 and 1812. The United States faced the problem of whether or not it should go to war to defend its neutral rights. In 1807 the Congress of the United States passed the Embargo Act, prohibiting U.S. vessels from trading with European nations. It was later replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act, which forbade trade only with France and Britain. In 1810 Macon's Bill No. 2 reopened American trade with all nations, but required both France and Britain to repeal their blockade decrees. The British refused to comply, and in June 1812 the U.S. Congress declared war on Britain.

Armed Conflict

British troops joined with northwestern Native Americans and captured Detroit, Michigan. In 1813 American forces reoccupied Detroit and defeated the combined British and Native American forces. In the Atlantic, the British Royal Navy blockaded much of the eastern coast and ruined U.S. trade with foreign nations. In 1814 British troops burned Washington, D.C., and occupied northeastern Maine. However, U.S. forces defeated other British troops at Lake Champlain and Baltimore, Maryland.

Conclusion

Peace negotiations began in July 1814. The United States wanted the British to end objectionable maritime practices and cede Canadian territory. Britain sought a neutral Native American buffer state in the American Northwest and wanted to revise both the American-Canadian boundary and the 1783 Treaty of Paris that had established U.S. independence. The two nations finally agreed to return to prewar conditions in a treaty signed at Ghent, Belgium, in December 1814. Both nations had ratified the treaty by February 1815. (Source - The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition, Copyright 1992 by Houghton Mifflin Company) 		William Stewart, II
 
502 William Stewart, a Representative from Pennsylvania; born in Mercer, Mercer County, Pa., September 10, 1810; attended the public schools; was graduated from Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Pa.; studied law; was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Mercer, Pa.; member of the State senate; elected as a Republican to the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth Congresses (March 4, 1857-March 3, 1861); chairman, Committee on Expenditures in the Department of War (Thirty-sixth Congress); resumed the practice of law; died in Mercer, Pa., on October 17, 1876; interment in Mercer Cemetery.
 		William Stewart
 
503 William Stewart, born about 1626, has not been delineated in the Stewart family, more to say that he nevered married. That may not be true. He was named in his father's will, and probably got a farm in County Tyrone. The old baronet owned scads of farms, most of which he bought from time to time from owners whose families did not like the rowdy habits of neighbors. Socially it was regarded as 'provincial' to live anywhere else than London. (Source - Stewart Clan Magazine, Tome H, Volume 57, Number 6, December 1959) William Stewart
 
504 William's last will dated August 5, 1882 was registered February 16, 1893 at Clarion County courthouse. He left his farm of about 128 acres to his son William along with all the farming utensils. Said son William is to have a decent monument placed on his grave. His daughter Roselinda is to have the farm that she lived on providing she pay to the other heirs "not yet mentioned" $600. She is also to have all the household and kitchen furniture. The rest of his personal property, money, grain, or hay he left to his remaining four sons, David, Alexander, Robert and Amos. Amos and William were appointed executors.

Last Will and Testament of William Stewart

In the name of God amen, I, William Stewart, farmer, of the township of Perry, in the county of Clarion and State of Pennsylvania, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty two being weak in body yet of sound mind and memory and understanding, praise be to God for it and considering the certainty of death and the uncertainty of the time thereof and to the end I may be better prepared to leave this world whenever it shall please God to call me hence, I do therefore make and declare this to be my last will and testament in the following manner revoking all former wills by me at any time heretofore made first and principally I commend my soul into the hands of Almighty God my Creator who gave it and my body to the earth to be decently buried in the graveyard at East Concord church and as to my worldly estate where with it has pleased God to entrust me with I do dispose of in the following manner.
Firstly, I order that all my just debts and funeral expenses be first and fully paid and satisfied out of my personal property or money by my executor and hereafter named as soon after my decease as by him found convenient.
Item 1. I give and bequeath to my son William all my rights, title, interest and claim of the farm on which I now reside, including about one hundred and twenty eight acres more or less. It is also my desire that my son William is to have all my farming utensils. It is also my will that my son William is to have a decent monument put up as soon after my death as possible.
2. It is also my will that my daughter Roselinda is to have all my rights, title, interest and claim of the farm that she now resides upon owing as per large farm by paying six hundred dollars for the use of the heirs not yet mentioned. It is also my desire that my daughter Rosalinda is to have all my household and kitchen furniture.
3. It is also my will to give all the rest and residue of personal property or money or grain or hay in the barn to my four sons namely, David, Alexander, Robert and Amos to be divided between them share and share alike.
And lastly I do nominate and appoint my two sons Amos and William Stewart of Perry Township to be the Executors of this my last will and testament. In testimony whereof I the said William Stewart have to this my last will and testament contained on one sheet of paper have subscribed my name and affix my seal August 5 AD 1882
William X Stewart
Mark
Signed, sealed and published and declared by the said William Stewart as and for his last will and testament in the presence of us who at this request and in the presence of each other have published our names as witnesses thereto.
David A. Weter
Alexander McCall
Clarion County, so:
Before me W. N. Nerckman (sp?). Register for the Probate of Wills and granting letters of administration in and for the county of Clarion personally came David A. Weeter one of the subscribing witnesses to the foregoing will who being duly sworn according to law says that he was present and saw and heard William Stewart, deceased, the Testator therein named sign make his mark to seal, publish, pronounce and declare the foregoing instrument of writing as and for his last will and testament and at the time of so doing he was of sound mind, memory and understanding to the best of his knowledge and belief.
Sworn and subscribed before me this 16th day of February AD 1893
W. N. Nerckman, Register
Registers office Feb'y 16th 1893
Clarion County, so:
This day before me W. N. Nerckman, register of wills and granting letters of administration in and for the county aforesaid personally came O. E. Nail and J. W. Long of the Borough of Clarion, County aforesaid who being duly sworn according to law say that they were well acquainted with the handwriting and signature of the said Alexander McCall and that the signature of the said Alexander McCall as subscribing witness to the last will and testament of William Stewart late of Perry Township, deceased, dated August 2nd 1882 is in the own proper handwriting and the genuine signature of the said Alexander McCall and that the said Alexander McCall has since died.
O. E. Nail
J. W. Long
Sworn and subscribed before me this 16th day of Feb'y 1893. W. N. Nerchman, Register
Registered February 16th 1893

(Above information furnished by Linda Walls)

 		William Stewart, III
 
505 [Brøderbund Family Archive #285, Ed. 1, Census Index: Western PA, PENNSYLVANIA CENSUS (WEST), Clarion County, 1870, Date of Import: May 16, 1997, Internal Ref. #1.285.1.10079.16]

Individual: Stewart, William
Race: W
Age: 58
Birth place: PA
Township: Perry Twp
Microfilm: Roll 1326, Page 570
[Brøderbund Family Archive #285, Ed. 1, Census Index: Western PA, PENNSYLVANIA CENSUS (WEST), Clarion County, 1870, Date of Import: May 20, 1997, Internal Ref. #1.285.1.10079.16]

Individual: Stewart, William
Race: W
Age: 58
Birth place: PA
Township: Perry Twp
Microfilm: Roll 1326, Page 570 		William Stewart, III
 
506 Oil City Derrick, Monday, June 15, 1964

Dr. William C. Stewart, 73, of Bluff Ave., Parker, who practiced medicine in Parker for more than 40 years, died Saturday in the Butler Memorial Hospital. He was born in the Parker area, a son of the late William and Sarah Cooper Stewart, and had lived his entire life in this vicinity. Dr. Stewart graduated from the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. He was a member of the Clarion County Medical Society and the American Medical Association. Dr. Stewart was a member of the Parker Presbyterian Church and had served as a church elder for many years. He also was a member of the Masonic Lodge in Parker. He is survived by his widow, Mrs. Rita B. Stewart; two sons, Dr. W. C. Stewart Jr. of Kalamazoo, Mich., and Richard A. Stewart of Chevy Chase, Md., and seven grandchildren. Friends will be received from 2 to 4 and 7 to 9 p.m. today in the Presbyterian Church in Parker. Funeral services will be held at 11 a.m. Tuesday in the church with Rev. John Wineman of Butler officiating, assisted by Rev. Arthur Babbitt, pastor of the Parker Methodist Church. Interment will be in the Presbyterian Cemetery at Parker. Funeral arrangements are in charge of the Fred S. Bowser Funeral Home, Parker. The family has requested friends to make a donation to their favorite charity (in lieu of flowers).
 		William Cooper Stewart
 
507 Notes for DAVID STEWART:
Cause of death: Brights disease.
1860 census Perry twp., Clarion Co., PA, David 24, Ellen 20, Mina C. 10 months.
1870 census Perry twp., Clarion Co., PA, David 35, Ellen 33, Minna C. 10, Seth 8, Ida H. 7, Emma J. 5, Elizabeth L. 2, John M. 3 months.
1880 census Perry twp., Clarion Co., PA, David 45, Elna L. 42, Minie C. 20, Seth 18, Emma J. 15, Lou E. 12, Thomas M. 10, Armeda 7, Lawson 4, John 1.
1900 census Perry twp., Clarion Co., PA, David 65, Ellen L. 62, John 21, son, Lizzie M. daughter-in-law 19, Nona 19, daughter. Ellen is listed as mother of 10, 8 living.

Obit from the Clarion Democrat Sept 14, 1905. David Stewart, one of the old and respected citizens of Perry township, died at his home in that place, Sunday, Septemer 3, 1905, aged about seventy years. He was married to Ellen Lavina Orr about forty-seven years ago, who with the following children survives: S. C., Lawsonham; Mrs. Mina Dunn, Rimersburg; T. M., Rimersburg; Mrs. E. J. Young, West Freedom; Mrs. E. L. Walls, Lawsonham; Jno O., Parker; Mrs. Geo. Reichert, Pollock; Nonie May, at home. Mr. Stewart was a faithful and consistant member of the Concord Presbyterian church from his youth up from which place the funeral services were conducted by Rev. H. A. Bailey, Tuesday, September 5, 1905. The interment was made in the Concord cemetery. Mr. Stewart had been a sufferer for some time with Brights disease which was the cause of his death. He had been almost blind for the past twenty-five years. The friends have the sympathy of the community in their bereavement.

David Stewart did not leave a Last Will and Testament.

(Above information furnished by Linda Walls)
 		William David Stewart
 
508 Notes for WILLIAM I. STEWART:
1900 census New Kensington Boro, Westmoreland Co., PA: William Stewart 38, b. Aug 1861, Jinnie, wife, 37, b. Aug 1862, married 15 yrs, mother of 5, 4 living, Verda A. b. June 1888, 13, Ruth E. b. Mar 1891, 9, Anna M. b. Oct. 1894, 5, unreadable female b. June 1899.
1910 census New Kensington Boro, Westmoreland Co., PA: Jennie R. 48, widow, mother of 6, 5 living, Verda 22, Ruth 19, Anna 16, Jan 10, Howard 7.
1910 census New Kensington Boro, Westmoreland Co., PA: Jennie R. 58, widow, Anna M. 25, Jean W. 20, William H. 17.

Obit: William I. Stewart, a son of Alexander Stewart of Sligo, died at his home at Parnassus, Pa. on last Sunday afternoon. He had not been well since October when he was away from his work in the factory, the American Window Glass Co., at Arnold for several weeks. He was able however to be present at the golden wedding of his father and mother held at Sligo about a month ago. Mr. Stewart was born near Rimersburg, August 12, 1860. He married Miss Jennie Sloan at Callensburg in 1885 and moved from Clarion county to New Kensington in 1892. He has lived there and in the adjoining borough of Parnassus ever since that time. Mrs. Stewart is a sister of G. G. Sloan, Esq., of Clarion. He is survived by his father, 5 sisters and 4 brothers, his wife and five children, and a large circle of friends. Funeral services were conducted at his former home in Parnassus on Tuesday evening and at the Concord church this county on Wednesday by Rev. L. C. Denise, pastor of the New Kensington Presbyterian church.

 		William I. Stewart
 
509 On July 31, 1860 William T. Stewart, age 32, a farmer, is residing in Perry Township, Clarion County, Pennsylvania, with is wife Myrtilla, age 28 and their family; Benjamin, age 4, Roswell, age one. Also residing with the family is Michael Knox,age 16, listed as farmer. Michael's relationship to the family is unknown. Value of real estate is $2,500 and value of personal property is $750. (Source - 1860 Federal Census of Pennsylvania) William Thomas Stewart
 
510 Frontier Families of Toby Township, Clarion County, Pennsylvania, Stewarts, page 15, lists his birth date as August 17, 1877, as a twin of Jennie Gertrude, born August 14, 1877. William W. Stewart
 
511 Born December 8, 1542, Linlithgow Palace, West Lothian, Scotland died February 8, 1587, Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, England
byname Mary Queen of Scots, original name Mary Stuart or Mary Stewart queen of Scotland (1542–67) and queen consort of France (1559–60). Her unwise marital and political actions provoked rebellion among the Scottish nobles, forcing her to flee to England, where she was eventually beheaded as a Roman Catholic threat to the English throne.

Early life

Mary Stuart was the only child of King James V of Scotland and his French wife, Mary of Guise. The death of her father six days after her birth left Mary as queen of Scotland in her own right. Although Mary's great-uncle King Henry VIII of England made an unsuccessful effort to secure control of her (Mary inherited Tudor blood through her grandmother, a sister of Henry VIII), the regency of the kingdom was settled in favour of her mother.

Her mother saw to it that Mary was sent to France at age five. There she was brought up at the court of King Henry II and his queen Catherine de Médicis with their own large family, assisted by relations on her mother's side, the powerful Guises. Despite a charmed childhood of much luxury, including frequent hunting and dancing (at both of which she excelled), Mary's education was not neglected, and she was taught Latin, Italian, Spanish, and some Greek. French now became her first language, and indeed in every other way Mary grew into a Frenchwoman rather than a Scot.

By her remarkable beauty, with her tall, slender figure (she was about 5 feet 11 inches), her red-gold hair and amber-coloured eyes, and her taste for music and poetry, Mary summed up the contemporary ideal of the Renaissance princess at the time of her marriage to Francis, eldest son of Henry and Catherine, in April 1558. Although it was a political match aimed at the union of France and Scotland, Mary was sincerely fond of her boy husband, though the marriage was probably never consummated.

The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. Those Roman Catholics who considered Elizabeth illegitimate because they regarded Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and his marriage to Anne Boleyn invalid even looked upon Mary as the lawful queen. Mary's father-in-law, Henry II of France, thus claimed the English throne on her behalf. The death of Henry in 1559 brought Francis to the French throne and made Mary a glittering queen consort of France, until Francis's premature death in December 1560 made her a widow at the age of 18.
Queen of Scotland

Returning to Scotland in August 1561, Mary discovered that her sheltered French upbringing had made her ill-equipped to cope with the series of problems now facing her. Mary's former pretensions to the English throne had incurred Elizabeth's hostility. She refused to acknowledge Mary as her heiress, however much Mary, nothing if not royal by temperament, prized her English rights. While Mary herself was a Roman Catholic, the official religion of Scotland had been reformed to Protestantism in her absence, and she thus represented to many, including the leading Calvinist preacher John Knox, a foreign queen of an alien religion. Most difficult of all were the Scottish nobles; factious and turbulent after a series of royal minorities, they cared more for private feuds and self-aggrandizement than support of the crown. Nevertheless, for the first years of her rule, Mary managed well, with the aid of her bastard half-brother James, earl of Moray, and helped in particular by her policy of religious tolerance. Nor were all the Scots averse to the spectacle of a pretty young queen creating a graceful court life and enjoying her progresses round the country.

It was Mary's second marriage in July 1565 to her cousin Henry Stewart (Stuart), earl of Darnley, son of Matthew Stewart, 4th earl of Lennox, that started the fatal train of events culminating in her destruction. Mary married the handsome Darnley recklessly for love. It was a disastrous choice because by her marriage she antagonized all the elements interested in the power structure of Scotland, including Elizabeth, who disapproved of Mary marrying another Tudor descendant, and her half brother James, who, jealous of the Lennox family's rise to power, promptly rebelled. Nor did Darnley's character measure up to the promise of his appearance—he was weak, vicious, and yet ambitious. The callous butchery of her secretary and confidant, David Riccio (Rizzio), in front of her own eyes, in March 1566, by Darnley and a group of nobles, convinced Mary that her husband had aimed at her own life. The birth of their son James in June did nothing to reconcile the couple, and Mary, armed now with the heir she had craved, looked for some means to relieve an intolerable situation.

The next eight months constitute the most tangled and controversial period of Mary's career. According to Mary's detractors, it was during this period that she developed an adulterous liaison with James Hepburn, 4th earl of Bothwell, and planned with him the death of Darnley and their own following marriage. There is, however, no contemporary evidence of this love affair, before Darnley's death, except the highly dubious so-called Casket Letters, poems and letters supposedly written by Mary to Bothwell but now generally considered to be inadmissible evidence by historians. But Mary did undoubtedly consider the question of a divorce from Darnley, after a serious illness in October 1566, which left her health wrecked and her spirits low. On the night of February 9, 1567, the house at Kirk o' Field on the outskirts of Edinburgh where Darnley lay recovering from illness was blown up, and Darnley himself was strangled while trying to escape. Many theories have been put forward to explain conflicting accounts of the crime, including the possibility that Darnley, plotting to blow up Mary, was caught in his own trap. Nevertheless, the most obvious explanation—that those responsible were the nobles who hated Darnley—is the most likely one.

Whatever Mary's foreknowledge of the crime, her conduct thereafter was fatally unwise and showed how much she lacked wise counselors in Scotland. After three months, she allowed herself to be married off to Bothwell, the chief suspect, after he abducted and ravished her. If passion is rejected as the motive, Mary's behaviour can be ascribed to her increasing despair, exacerbated by ill health, at her inability to manage the affairs of tempestuous Scotland without a strong arm to support her. But in fact Bothwell as a consort proved no more acceptable to the jealous Scottish nobility than Darnley had been. Mary and Bothwell were parted forever at Carberry Hill on June 15, 1567, Bothwell to exile and imprisonment where he died in 1578, and Mary to incarceration on the tiny island of Loch Leven, where she was formally deposed in favour of her one-year-old son James. After a brief fling of liberty the following year, defeat of her supporters at a battle at Langside put her once more to flight. Impulsively, Mary sought refuge in England with her cousin Elizabeth. But Elizabeth, with all the political cunning Mary lacked, employed a series of excuses connected with the murder of Darnley to hold Mary in English captivity in a series of prisons for the next 18 years of her life. In the meantime, Mary's brother Moray flourished as regent of Scotland.

Captivity in England

Mary's captivity was long and wearisome, only partly allayed by the consolations of religion and, on a more mundane level, her skill at embroidery and her love of such little pets as lap dogs and singing birds. Her health suffered from the lack of physical exercise, her figure thickened, and her beauty diminished, as can be seen in the best-known pictures of her in black velvet and white veil, dating from 1578. Naturally, she concentrated her energies on procuring release from an imprisonment she considered unjustified, at first by pleas, and later by conspiracy. Unfortunately for her survival, Mary as a Catholic was the natural focus for the hopes of those English Catholics who wished to replace the Protestant queen Elizabeth on the throne. It was the discovery in 1586 of a plot to assassinate Elizabeth and bring about a Roman Catholic uprising that convinced Queen Elizabeth that, while she lived, Mary would always constitute too dangerous a threat to her own position.

Despite the fact that she was the sovereign queen of another country, Mary was tried by an English court and condemned; her son, James, who had not seen his mother since infancy and now had his sights fixed on succeeding to the English throne, raised no objections. Mary was executed in 1587 in the great hall at Fotheringhay Castle, near Peterborough; she was 44 years old. It was a chilling scene, redeemed by the great personal dignity with which Mary met her fate. Her body ultimately came to rest in Westminster Abbey in a magnificent monument James I raised to his mother, after he finally ascended the throne of England.

A romantic and tragic figure to her supporters, a scheming adulteress if not murderess to her political enemies, Mary aroused furious controversy in her own lifetime, during which her cousin Queen Elizabeth aptly termed her “the daughter of debate.” Her dramatic story has continued to provoke argument among historians ever since, while the public interest in this 16th-century femme fatale remains unabated.
(Source – Encyclopedia Britannica)
 		Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland
 
512

Extracts from the litigation follow.

"V. Wilson & Shaw 84 [1 S. 226 -. 4 S. 734].
JAMES GALBRAITH, Appellant.—T. H. Miller—Sandford.
EICHAKD GALBRAITH, Respondent.—Sir Charles Wetherell—Lushington.
1st March 1831.

SERVICE.—Held (affirming the judgment of the Court of Session), in a question as to the validity of a service, that there was sufficient evidence before the jury to prove that the party served was the substitute called in a deed of entail,—the party challenging having failed to establish the existence of any other person to whom the designation in the entail could apply.

James Galbraith of Balgair executed in 1705 a deed of entail, by which he conveyed the lands of Balgair to himself and the heirs of his body, whom failing: —1. To John Galbraith, eldest son of George Galbraith, merchant burgess in Edinburgh; 2. James, second son of George Galbraith; 3. " Major Hugh " Galbraith, in the kingdom of Ireland, son of the deceased Andrew Galbraith, " the entailer's father's brother consanguinean;" 4. Captain Robert Galbraith, in the kingdom of Ireland; 5. John Galbraith of Old Graden; 6. Archibald Buchanan of Drumhead, and such of his sons as the entailer should point out; 7. John Galbraith, in Hill of Balgair, and the heirs male of their several bodies respectively; whom all failing, to certain other substitutes.

The entailer left no issue, and in 1794 the first and second branches of the substitution became extinct. Advertisements were thereupon published, calling on the heirs next in succession to come forward; in consequence of which brieves were obtained by Richard Galbraith in 1806, claiming as heir male of Major Hugh Galbraith, the third substitute in the entail; and by William Arthur Galbraith, who claimed as representing Captain Robert Galbraith, the fourth substitute. A competition ensued, in which Richard Galbraith established his descent from a Major Hugh Galbraith of Capahard, in [85] Ireland, who was a Major in the King's army at the date of the entail. The chief evidence of the above person being the Major Hugh mentioned in the third substitution was, that he was proved to have spoken with a Scottish accent, and to have been considered a Scotchman; and that in a letter from the son of Captain Robert, the fourth substitute (who resided near the Major in Ireland), to the son of the latter, he addressed him as " dear cousin." But there was no other trace of his connexion with the family of Balgair, while the will of Captain Robert (the fourth substitute), executed in 1708, contained a reference to the event of his own eldest son succeeding to the estate of James Galbraith of Balgair, which, it was said, could not have happened if this Major Galbraith of Capahard, who resided in his neighbourhood, had been the third substitute, as he had five sons, all of whom must have succeeded before Captain Robert's family. On the other hand, William Arthur Galbraith failed in proving any connexion with the fourth S.R.R. v. 32
substitute; and the Jury, by a majority, served Pachard, who accordingly entered into possession of the estate of Balgair.

In 1820 a James Galbraith, after being served heir male of John Galbraith in Hill of Balgair, the seventh substitute, raised the present action of reduction improbation, concluding to have Kichard's service set aside, on the ground that there was no sufficient evidence laid before the inquest that his ancestor was Major Hugh Galbraith, the third substitute in the entail, to warrant the service, and to have it found that he, James, was entitled to possession of the estate. Eichard objected to the pursuer's title, but the Lord Ordinary sustained it; and the Court, on the 21st of December 1821, adhered "to the effect of sustaining " the pursuer's title to insist in the reductive conclusion of the respondent's " libel, reserving consideration as to all other points of the libel." Thereafter the Lord Ordinary found, on the merits, " That in the absence of all proof exist" ing or offered to the contrary, the circumstances proven on the side of the " defender afford sufficient grounds for inferring that Major Hugh Galbraith, of " whose body the defender is heir male, was Major Galbraith, of the kingdom " of Ireland, who, and the heirs of whose body, are called in the entail of " [86] Balgair," and therefore repelled the reasons of reduction, and assoilzied the defender; and the Court, on the 20th of June 1826, adhered.

James Galbraith appealed.

LORD WTNFORD. —" My Lords, your Lordships have been pressed with great earnestness to take care how you overturn the law of Scotland. I believe I am as anxious as any man in this House can be, never to trench upon the law of Scotland. If ever I should find that the law is at variance with justice, I should still think it my duty to act according to that law, leaving it to your Lordships in [87] your legislative character to alter it. But I should hope there is little danger of overturning the law of Scotland, when I am about to advise your Lordships to affirm the judgment which has been pronounced by the Courts in Scotland.

"A person of the name of Galbraith, in the year 1705, now considerably more than 100 years ago, made a deed of entail in the following terms:—' On me, James Galbraith, and the heirs to be procreate of my own body; which failing, to John Galbraith (who is the first substitute), eldest lawful son to umquhill George Galbraith, merchant, burgess of Edinburgh, my cousin german, and the heirs male lawfully to be procreate of his body; which failing, to James Galbraith, second lawful son to the said umquhill George Galbraith, and the heirs male lawfully to be procreate of his body; which failing, to Major Hugh Galbraith in the kingdom of Ireland,'

The succession then opened to the heirs of Major Hugh Galbraith of Ireland, the third substitute, and advertisements were inserted in the newspapers, calling on such to come forward. The respondent's elder brother, Andrew Galbraith, accordingly entered appearance, and claimed the estate;and on his death, the respondent took out a brieve for expeding a service in his own name, as the great grandson, and heir-male of Major Hugh Galbraith, the third substitute. His right, however, was disputed by William Arthur Galbraith in Ireland, who claimed under the fourth substitute, on the supposition that Major Galbraith, the third substitute, had died without lawful male issue,—and by .lames Galbi'aith of Yetholm, in Scotland, who alleged that the first four branches of the substitution had become extinct, and that he was the heir-male of John Galbraitli of Old Graden, the fifth substitute. Proofs were led before the Macers, and a Jury pronounced a verdict (IStli August 1806), by which the respondent was served " nearest and lawful heir of tailzio and provision in special to the said deceased James Galbraith of Balgair." This service was retoured, and a precept issued from the Chancery, in virtue of which the respondent was infeft in the lands. In 1820, the appellant, James Galbraith, on the allegation that he was the eldest lawful son of the deceased Archibald Galbraith, farmer in Honeyholm, and great-great-greatgrandson of John Galbraith in the Hill of Balg-air, the seventh substitute in said entail, raised an action of reduction-improbation, declarator and count and reckoning against the respondent. The summons inter alia, narrates, that the service, " and retour, and other writings and titles following tTirrcon, were obtained in the absence of James Gallmiirli of Culholm, a descendsnt of John Galhraith of Old Graden, the (il'tli nominatim substitute in the entail, who*was then alive, but who, being at an advanced age, and having no male issue, deelined to dispute the said Richard Galbraith's servie;', by which means he was served in absence, and to the great hurt and prejudice of the pursuer, James Galbraith, heir of tailzie and provision to the said James Galbraith, last of Balpair, in the said entailed1 estate of Polgairs, or Balgair, notwithstanding that, from the failure of all the intermediate heirs, the said succession devolved upon the said James (jalbraith of Culholm, us heir of the fifth i>nininatini Hibstituie, and by his death, and that of the said .Archibald Galbraith in Honeyholm, father of James Galbraith, the pursuer, the succession devolved upon the pursuer as grcatgreat-grcat-grandson of, John Galbraitb, in Hill of Balgair, the seventh nominaiim substitute."

The reasons of reduction, as stated in the summons, were, in the first place, the ordinary reasons of style ; Secundo,

" The said pretended special sen-ice, retour, precept from Chan. eery, and instrument of sasine, proceed on false narratives, without due authority or legal evidence, and are altogether irregular and invalid. !/Vr//», The foresaid pretended special service was obtained by the said Richard Galbraith, in absence of the beforenamcd James Gulhraith of Culholm, now deceased, the descendant of John Galbraith of Old Graden, the fifth nomiiiatim substitute in the said deed of entail, who, as aforesaid, declined to oppose the said Bit-hard Gnlbrailh's sen-ice, whereby he was served entirely in absence of the proper heir, in the false character of great-grandson of Major Hugh Galbraith. the third nominal tin substitute in the said entail of Polgairs, or Balgair, although the said Richard Gtilbfiiith of C'appnhard was in no way, planner, or degree descendedfrom, or connected with, tbe said Major Hugh Galbraith of the kingdom of Ireland, son to the deceased Andrew Galbraith, the entailer's father's brother rontimguincan, and the third nmninatim substitute aforesaid. Qnnrlo, The evidence led, adduced and exhibited by the said Richard Galbraitb of Cappahard, in the foresuid service, was false, feigned, forged, simulate and devised, utterly inconsistent and contradictory in itself, totally incompetent to establish the alleged claim, and entirely destitute of authority, and unworthy of credit; and the parole evidence wns likewise taken in Ireland, in a manner contrary to, end inconsistent with the laws, and inadmissible by the practice of this country. Quinto, F.alo, That the said evidence had in all respects been unexceptionable, still it was utterly defective as to establishing the pretended claim of the said Richard Galbraith of Cappahard. that he was the greatgrandson of, or in any way or manner descended from the said Major Hugh Galbraiih, the third nominaiim substitute aforesaid jm the said deed of entail, or that the said Richard Galbraith of Cappahard, was in any way descended from, or related to the said James Galbraith of I'olgairs, or Balgair, the entailer, or of James Galbraith, last of Polgairs, or 1'alpair, who was vest and seised in the saidestutc in the year 1701. and died in the year 1794."

After a proof and a variety of procedure, Lord Mackenzie, on the 25th November 1823, pronounced this interlocutor :—

" The Lord Ordinary having considered the memorials for the parties, and whole process, Finds, that, in the absence of all proof existing, or offered by the pursuer, to the contrary, the circumstances proven on the side of the defender, afford' sufficient ground for inferring that Major Galbraith, of whose body the defender is heir-male, was Major Galbraith, of the kingdom of Ireland, who, and the heirs-male of whose body, are called in the entail of Balgair; therefore, and upon the whole case, repels the reasons of reduction, and ussoilzies the defender and decerns : Finds no expenses due to either prrty."

The appellant reclaimed ; but the Court, on the 20th June 1826, adhered.

The appellant then took the case by appeal to the House of Lords, and pleaded—I. The interlocutors complained of proceed upon a fundamental mistake :is to the nature of the question, in so fur as they take for granted that it was incumbent on the appellant to Jcad evidence at all, or to do anything more than to show that the evidence referred to by the respondent, in support of the service under reduction, does not prove the facts which it was incumbent upon him to prove.—II. Tbo respondent has not proved that be is the nearest heir-male alive of the third substitute in the entail, through whom he claims the estate, viz. Major Hugh Galbraith in the kingdom of Irelaml, son to the deceased Andrew Galbraith, the entailer'a father's brother consanguinean, nor indeed has he proved that he is at all connected with that person.

A great part of the evidence relied upon by the respondent, and without which, confessedly, his case cannot he made out, is unworthy of credit. Answered—I. The appellant has failed to establish any of the grounds on which his action of reduction proceeded. —II. The respondent was justly and legally served heir to the entailed estate of Balgair.—III. The appellant has failed to identify Hugh Galbraith, merchant, burgess in Glasgow, with a pretended Major Galbraith of the county of Longford, and to make him the third substitute.

Lord Whitford —My Lords, your Lordships have, with great earnestness, been warned to take rare how you overturn tlie law of Scotland. I for one, I believe, am as anxious us any man in this House can be, never to trench upon the law of Scotland. If ever I should find that the law pf Scotland is it variance with justice, I should still think it my duty to act according to that law, leaving it to your Lordships, in your hgislative character, to alter it. But I should hope there is liitle danger of overturning the law of Scotland, when I am about to advise your Lordships to affirm the judgment which has boon pronounced by the Courts in Scotland. There might be, perhaps, some reason for alarm, if I were about to overturn that judgment; but I should hope the law of Scotland will be safe under the protection of the Court of Session, and also under the protection of this House. The learned Counsel, who has argued with great ability, has supposed that we shall overturn the law of Scotland, if we do not support the claim of the seventh substitute, on the ground that that seventh substitute has had his right found by a Jury, and that that right has not been appealed against, and that, consequently, it must be taken as having been decided ; but the learned Counsel will recollect that hv admitted, that though that would prevail in the absence of any nearer claimant bringing forward a claim, yet that the moment a nearer claimant proved his claim, that instant tie right of the seventh substitute is gone. Now, if your Lordships should be of opinion that the nearer claimant has offered satisfactory evidence of his claim, then, by deciding in his favour, we shall not overturn the law of Scotland—we shall not treiic-h upon the opinion so ably given by Lord Alemore, in the Douglas case, but we shall be deciding in entire accordance with the principles of the law of Scotland. As some of your Lordships were not here when this case was first begun, it will be necessary that I should state, shortly, the circumstances of the case, which I shall be able to dp the more briefly from having had a good deal of time to consider this case. Your Lordships will recollect that a person of the name of Galbmith, so long ago as the year 1705, now considerably more than 100 years ago, made this entail, which is consistent with the law ''' Scotland, but inconsistent with the law of England; and by the deed of entail, the estate " to be made, given and granted tome, the said James Gnlbraith, and the heirs to be procreate of my own body; which failing, to John Galbraith," (who is the first substitute) "eldest lawful son to umquhill George Gidliraith, merchant, burgess of Edinburgh, my cousin-gentian, and tie heirs-male lawfully to be procreate of his body; which fuilui?. to James Galbmith, second lawful son to the said umquhill George Ga'braith, and the heirs-male lawfully to be procreate of his body, which failing,"—(now comes the question which your Lordships are called upon to decide, whether the claimant, under this person, has made out, by reasonable evidence, his claim?) " which failing, to Major Hugh Oalbmith, in the kingdom of Ireland,"—he does not say o/the kingdom of Ireland, but, in the kingdom of Ireland,—" son of the deceased Andrew Galbraitb, my father's brother consanguinean." Now, unquestionably, I concede to the learned counsel, that before the respond', nt can establish bis case, he must give your Lordships reasonable evidence, that the person who is called in the evidence, Major Galbraitb, was son to Andrew Galbraith, the settler's father's brother consanguinean. I beg leave, however, to state to your Lordships, that these facts we not required, nor are any facts in any Court of Judicature required to bo proved by direct positive evidence. These facts niny be raised by prefi-niption,—and, indeed, most of the faets upon which Courts of Justice act, not only in civil, but in criminal cases, even those which affect the liberty and character and lives of individuals, are raised by presumption—and the question for your Lordships is, whether of those facts that are not directly proved in this case a presumption, unrepelled, has been proved, sufficient to satisfy your Lordships of their existence ? Now, 1 will stale to your Lordships my opinion of the doctrine of presumptive evidence :— Presumptive evidence means this—where one fact, or several, closely connected with the fact to be proved, are so strongly proved as to render it highly probable that that connection exists ;—if they are, unless the inference arising from that fact is rebutted by contrary proof, your Lordships may act upon the presumption. Now, so far, as to the extent that I am now about to mention, your Lordships have direct positive proof. You have direct positive proof that there was a Major Galbraith in the kingdom of Ireland ; because that is proved by the best possible evidence—namely, by the evidence of the testator himself. But the next fact, which undoubtedly is equally necessary to your Lordships to be satisfied of, is, that the person under whom these parties claim, was descended from the Major Hugh Galbraith in Ireland, which Major Hugh Galbraith was the son of the deceased Galbraith, whom the testator describes as "my father's brother consanguinean." Of that you have no direct evidence; and, perhaps, in the imperfect Hate of the Registers of Scotland at that time, it would be difficult now to furnish your Lordships with direct evidence of that; but then comes the question, Have your Lordships any facts proved in this case, from whence you can infer that the Major Galbrakh who was in Ireland, answered the other description, of being a son of this Andrew, the brother of the settler Now, my Lords, this person, it is quite clear, whoever he was, had gone from Scotland many years before. It does not appear that the settler knew in what part of Ireland he was. If he had, it i most probable that, in this instrument of settlement, he would have given a more particular description of him—stating him to be Major Galbraith of Cappahard, or any other place. But he appears not to have known where he was, and therefore he gives no better description of him. Then, is that want of description supplied by uther evidence ? That this Major Galbraitb was a major, there can be no doubt, because your Lordships have the return of the army in which he appears to be a major, although certainly not a major in the regiment in which he was once supposed to be. But you have also this important fact, which you will find to be most important, when connected with some parole evidence, that he was a major that served in Flanders, Did, then, Major Galbraith serve in Flanders? It is proved by Colonel Persse, who was a near relation, I rather think a nephew of the wife of Major Galbraith, a lady whom your Lordships may recollect, was courted in rather an extraordinary way by this gallant major, namely, that when lie went for the purpose of taking her to church, he was attended by a party of horse, in order to carry her away by force. We have heard of something like that in other countries, where they are in the hiabit of giving a good beating, in order to create affection. But it is no evidence in this case, that this marriage was completed by the gallant captain, who was then only captain, after carrying the lady away in the manner I have described. Now, your Lordships have evidence which, I think, makes this man to be a major beyond all doubt, and to be the major who married this lady; for you have the lady herself speaking of the civilities that she received from King James;—you have the lady herself speaking of him during the service in Flanders; and I think, therefore, here the chain is complete, to show that there was a Major Galbraith in the army ; that that Major Galbraith married Miss Persse; and that he had served in Flanders.

Then the question is—Is that Major Galbraith. who so Married Miss Persse, and who so served in Flanders, a Scotchman ? That is tlie next thing in the chain. Now, here you have the evidence of the same Colonel Persse, who appears to be above all suspicion ; and his rank and station in society, if any thing can give your Lordships security for his speaking truth, do give you that security. He tells your Lordships that he had heard that he was a Scotchman ; and then he gave the best possible evidence that he was a Scotchman, for he spoke with the Scotch accent. Then, your Lordships have another witnesss, who tells you distinctly that he had it from the major himself, that he came from Scotland. Now, stopping here, it stands thus, that the testator, who lives in Scotland, speaks of a major who was in Ireland; and you have proved by these witnesses, that this major came from Scotland into Ireland. Your Lordships also will recollect, that the figure of this man is spoken of. He was a raw six feet high, and a very likely sort of person to have contracted matrimony in the manner in which he is reported. He entered into engagements with the lady against the will of her father, and it is perhaps probable that the lady would be more attracted by the six feet high man, than the father, who found he had nothing but his sword and his station. How is this man spoken of by another witness ? He is spoken of as a big Scotchman. Here your Lordships have strong evidence that thi« was the major that came from Scotland. The, Other witnesses, on both sides, tell your Lordships that this man had no connexions in Ireland,—»hat there was a mystery about his birth,-—that he was described as being descended from a hogshead of port wine, probably from his Hiking a large proportion of wine—in short, that there was a mystery about his birth. Is not that accounted for by the circumstance of his having come over from Scotland, and having settled in a country in which ha had no connexions. But it is said he may have come from Scotland, and he may be a major, and yet he may not be the cousin-gcrman of this testator. Then, my Lords, to show that he was connected with the Giilbraitbs of this family—and you have another fact which is extremely important, you have this man found with a field cloth, having upon it the arms of the Galbraiths, though, perhaps, not exactly painted as they ought to be ; but I think your Lordships will go along with me in this observation, that different herald painters would represent the Bume arms so differently, that you would hardly know them to be the ssme ; but, undoubtedly, there is such a resemblance between the arms of the family, and those painted upon this field cloth, which is described to have been in the possession of this person, as strongly shew that he claimed to be a member of that family. Now, I state to your Lordships all these circumstances, taken together, as constituting very cogent proof, particularly in the absence of there being uny other major. If any evidence had been put in, giving your Lordships any satisfactory reason to suppose that there was some other Irishman that answered all those different descriptions, then, as I have already stated to your Lordships, the presumption raised from the fuels I have, adverted to, would be immediately knocked to the ground. That, therefore, it is necessary to inquire into. Is there any other person who can be put in competition with this Major Gulbraith, or whose existence shews to you that this is not the man of whom this settler was speaking ? Now, my Lords, here are two persons put forward as being clothed with the character of major, for the purpose of shewing that no inference can be drawn from the fact of his being a major; because it is said there are other majors to whom that description would apply. The first is a Hugh Galbraith of Johnston, in the county of Longford. Now, I quite agree that there was certainly a military service existing in this country before the present militia. I believe there was no period of time, from the feudal times down to the present, in which, besides the standing army, there were not troops in which there were persons acting who were gentlemen in the country. It is rather a speculation; but I believe, that the persons forming part of that service, were, generally speaking, considerable land proprietors. Now, that by no means answers the description of this major; because I can find him in no higher situation than that of a tenant of some manor under my Lord Lanesborough, I do not find any person of that description, possessing that sort.
 		James Galbraith the Entailer
 
513 I have several comments on the following article by Colonel T. L. Galloway. They are shown in parenthesis. Additionally, I have linked various individuals listed in the article to their page on the web site. Additional insight to this litigation can be gained from the excellent article by William Gilbreath that appeared in the Summer 2004 (Vol 25 - No 4) issue of The Red Tower, Clan Galbraith Association, "Major Hugh Galbraith of Ireland - Case Closed". (Note to File - JP Rhein)

“In 1687 James Galbraith, (I4290) "writer in Edinburgh," bought the lands of Balgair, adjacent to Culcreuch and part of the old barony of Ballindalloch, which had belonged for so long to the Cunninghams. It will, therefore, be interesting to inquire how this James Galbraith was connected with the old Galbraiths of the district.

In doing this it will, unfortunately, be necessary to differ in some respects from the views of the author of "Strathendrick." Guthrie Smith, when writing of the Culcreuch family, states that the Galbraiths of Balgair probably had as ancestor Robert Galbraith (I4292), a brother of Andrew Galbraith of Culcreuch (I4257), and who, in 1548, made a contract of marriage with Janet Seyton (I4293). But in the Chapter relating to Balgair the Galbraiths in Hill of Balgair are taken as being descended from this Robert, and no clear descent is deduced for James Galbraith who bought Balgair in 1687. The view now taken is that James Galbraith of Balgair 1687 was descended from Robert Galbraith, brother of Andrew Galbraith of Culcreuch, and that the Galbraiths in Hill of Balgair were descended from John Galbraith in Balgair (I4255) before 1534, who was an earlier cadet of Culcreuch probably a son of Humphrey (I4256), a younger brother of Thomas (I4258) who was hanged in 1489, and of James Galbraith of Culcreuch (I4260).

James Galbraith, writer in Edinburgh, having bought the lands of Balgair, proceeded to make an entail of these lands. The substitutes of entail were eight in number, beginning with the two sons of his cousin, George Galbraith, merchant in Edinburgh, and ending with his far-out kinsmen, John and George Galbraith, who had a joint lease for 133 years from 1693 of the Hill of Balgair, or Middle Balgair. The deed of entail was registered in the Register of Entails in 1706.

George Galbraith, merchant in Edinburgh, was a son of Mr. John Galbraith, minister in Bothkennar. Mr. John Galbraith and his wife, Katherine Norvell, had a large family, viz.:—James also "writer in Edinburgh,'' before 1670 when he died, John, George, Michael, Humphrey (minister at Dollar), and two daughters; but, by the time of the entail, only the children of George survived. And so we see that James Galbraith, the entailer (I4290), had an uncle, Mr. John Galbraith. He had also another uncle, Andrew Galbraith (I4317), a half-brother of Mr. John, and father of Hugh Galbraith (I4318), the third substitute of entail.

Now, in 1654, Mr. John Galbraith and his spouse had a tack of Balgair from John Buchanan for all the years of their lives. The tack was registered in the Register of Deeds in 1663, after the death of John Galbraith. It is gathered from this lease that Balgair had been the home of himself and his predecessors for many years.

Since we know that Balgair was occupied by James Galbraith (I4296) from before 1593 till 1628 and as we see John Galbraith (I4305) in 1654 getting a new tack of his old family home for the rest of his life, there seems to be little doubt that John Galbraith was the son of James Galbraith in Balgair 1593. And it therefore follows that the father of James Galbraith, the entailer, was also a son of James Galbraith in Balgair 1593, and was, evidently, the Robert Galbraith in Hilton of Balgair, mentioned indeed on page 231 of "Strathendrick" as a son of James Galbraith in Balgair, but there given, erroneously, as an ancestor of the Galbraiths in Hill of Balgair. It should be noted that Hilton, or Haltoun, was a part of Easter Balgair and not to be confused with Hill of Balgair. "Strathendrick," p. 30. James Galbraith in Balgair 1593 is said, probably, to be a son of Robert Galbraith, "brother german of the late Andrew Galbraith of Gylcruuch." This is evidently correct, and is supported by the following evidence. James Galbraith in Balgair and Andrew Galbraith in Tomdarroch are mentioned many times together. They both appear as being implicated along with others in the slaughter of Robert Lindsay (1533-94) (vide, "Strathendrick," p. 232); and again in the Register of the Privy Council there is this entry:—Caution in £2,000 by Robert Galbraith of Culcreuch as principal and Alexander Seyton of Gargunnok as surety for him (that he would not intercommune with any of the surname of Buchanan, Macgregor or Macfarlane, fugitives from the laws for criminal causes). The bond was presented for registration by Francis Galbraith, "Panniter" to his Majesty, as procurator for the parties and subscribed at Gargunnok, 18th May, 1593, before James Galbraith in Bolgair, Andro Galbraith in Tomdarroch, William Galbraith, Steward in Culcreuch, and George Auld, minister and notary public.

Andrew Galbraith (I4294) married Isabell Cunningham widow of Humphrey Galbraith in Balgair, who had died in 1578 Testament.

Humphrey Galbraith left a brother, William (I4291) in Western Balgair, but his own two sons, James (I4240) and John (I4262) were minors, and when his widow married Andrew Galbraith in Tomdarroch (I4294), the occupancy of Balgair (or Eastern Balgair) was given to James Galbraith (I4240) who for many years after was known as James Galbraith in Balgair. (This is James Galbraith, Gudman of Balgair, Scotland.)

All this points to the fact that James and Andrew were brothers. But Andrew was son of Robert Galbraith in Tomdarroch, the brother of Andrew Galbraith, the laird of Culcreuch, and, therefore, James Galbraith in Balgair 1593 (I4296) was also son of Robert Galbraith.

To sum up the evidence, it seems clear that the beneficial occupancy of Balgair, which from before 1534 had been with John Galbraith (I4292) in Balgair, and thereafter with his son Humphrey Galbraith (I4253) until 1578, passed after that date to James Galbraith, the brother of Andrew Galbraith in Tomdarroch who married Humphrey's widow and who was a son of Robert Galbraith, a brother of the laird of Culcreuch. (This is not correct)

Andrew in Tomdarroch and James in Balgair 1593 (I42960 had probably at least one other brother—William Galbraith in Frew (I4306). In 1614, there is a summons at the instance of William Galbraith in Frew against James Galbraith in Balgair for debt.

James Galbraith was alive on 11th January 1628, as, on that date, there is a summons by James Galbraith in Balgair against Andrew Cunningham and others. But, in 1629, in the Register of Sasines for Stirlingshire, there is mentioned a William Galbraith in Frew, son and heir of William Galbraith in Balgair. So it seems that James Galbraith in Balgair must have died about this time, and that his brother William took over the occupation of
Balgair.

It is not known exactly when Mr. John Galbraith had his first tack of Balgair but as noted above he had his tack renewed in 1654.It is clear, therefore, that James Galbraith, writer in Edinburgh, was closely connected with the lands of Balgair, and was a descendant of the Galbraiths of Culcreuch, and that when he bought this portion of the old barony of Ballindalloch in 1687, he did not come to the district as a stranger.

James Galbraith the entailer of Balgair died in 1707 leaving no children, and John Galbraith, the first substitute of entail, succeeded; but he died soon afterwards in Flanders in July 1707, and James Galbraith his brother, a younger son of George Galbraith merchant in Edinburgh, took up the estate of Balgair as second substitute. He it was who built the mansion house of Balgair in 1720; but this house was hardly ever occupied, as it soon fell into disrepair and then into ruins.

The estate of Balgair remained with the descendants of John Galbraith until his grandson, James Galbraith, a son of Rear-Admiral James Galbraith, died at sea in 1794 leaving no family; and thus the line of the second substitute of entail came to an end.
Advertisements were then inserted in the newspapers for heirs, and, finally, Richard Galbraith from County Galway, Ireland, was served as heir to Hugh Galbraith the third substitute of entail, and was duly infeft, in the lands of Balgair. His claim, though not contested at the time, was not quite clear, and led to a case being raised in the courts, which finally was taken to the House of Lords by a descendant of John Galbraith in Hill of Balgair, the seventh substitute of entail. He, however, was unsuccessful in having the service reduced and Balgair remained in the possession of the descendants of Richard Galbraith until it was sold by James Galbraith of Manitoba, Canada, on 22nd April, 1914” (Source – Galbraiths of The Lennox, Compiled by Colonel T.L. Galloway of Auchendrana in 1944)
 		James Galbraith the Entailer
 
514 On 17 August 1616 a James Galbraith Sr. and a James Galbraith Jr. of Rateine, a townland in Donegal, were granted denization. (Scotland and England, including Ireland, were two separate countries. Denization conferred the rights of English citizenship on Scottish settlers in Ireland.) Those who have studied the history of the Galbraiths during the Plantation, including me, believe that these two James Galbraiths were James Galbraith of Balgair, the father, and his oldest son, another James. The younger James would have been born a year or two after his parents' 1593 marriage and would have been just 2l. As was normal in such proceedings, the names of minor sons and a wife, if she were still alive, would not have been listed, but they would have been included in the denization.

In a 1945 book on the Wrays, a leading Donegal family, author Charlotte Violet Trench discussed "a very ancient tombstone that lies in the churchyard of Mullibrack in County Armagh," which was inscribed, "James Galbraith, Gudman of Balgair who departed this Lyfe the 3 of No. Anno domini 1618." (Mullibrack adjoined the large land grant at Markethill in Armagh given to Sir Archibald Acheson.) In an article in a 1985 issue of the Red Tower 40 years later an article based on research by Patricia D' Arcy, a respected English researcher in Galbraith genealogy, reported that the gravestone actually read "James Acheson Galbraith, Gudman of Balgair" and stated further that this James Galbraith was a tenant on the Acheson land grant. Some believed that this was the senior James Galbraith who had received denization 2 years earlier in Donegal. I was skeptical because James Galbraith of Balgair was well-born and I did not believe would have been an ordinary tenant on Sir Archibald Acheson's land grant. Not only was I skeptical that James Galbraith was a tenant, but I also doubted his name as reported in 1985. While today it is common for an individual to bear two family names (as my middle name is Galbraith and my last name Colwell), such a use of two family names for a man was unknown in those times.

It was also suggested that he was not an ordinary tenant but rather the land agent or overseer on that land grant, another suggestion of which I was skeptical because there was no evidence whatsoever that he ever held such a position.

Pat D'Arcy never saw the gravestone, I later learned, but talked with a retired, elderly former warden of the Mullibrack church, who reported that he remembered the "Acheson Galbraith" inscription on the gravestone, which had itself long since disappeared. But the archaic spelling of the inscription reported by Trench seemed more credible. Trench, however, didn't say she had seen the gravestone. Where had her information come from?

Finally it dawned on me. In the in the late 1800s and early 1900s a small army of volunteers went to thousands of Irish graveyards and copied all the gravestone inscriptions they found before those inscriptions were lost to time and the elements. Most often those inscriptions were printed in a series of volumes entitled "Memorials of the Dead" published from 1888 to 1930. I thought information about the gravestone of James Galbraith, Gudman of Balgair might be found in one of those volumes. However, T.G.F. Paterson (b.1888 d.1971), later the first curator of the Armagh County Museum in Ulster from 1935 to 1963, wrote separately and extensively about the Mullibrack church. With the help of the Family History Library in Salt Lake City I obtained the film which contained more than 100 pages of notes he made regarding that church, including lists of those buried there, gravestone inscriptions and other memorials to those who had passed away, and much church history, lists of all the vestrymen church expenses, and so forth.

When I looked at that film, sure enough, Trench's report of the inscription was correct and James Galbraith did not have Acheson as his middle name. Mr. Paterson made a drawing of the gravestone of James Galbraith, which is reproduced here. This drawing was probably made in 1926 before he became curator of the museum,

The inscription on the tombstone reads: "HAER LAYIS IN TOJM THE BODY OF JAMIS GALBRAIT GUUDMAN OF BALGAIR WHA DEPARTIT THIS LYFE IN THE 3 OF NO ANNO DOMINI 1618 ANNO AETATIS SUE," (The last three words mean "in the year of his age," I suspect those who carved tombstone inscriptions were often illiterate - note the backwards "n" which is the third such error I have seen in Galbraith gravestone inscriptions of the 1600s, Someone gave those inscribers a pattern and they simply carved it.

Probably it was standard practice to inscribe "Anno Aetatis Sue" on all graves; so it was done here. And then the carver found out James Galbraith's birth date was unknown, so there is a blank space on the tombstone.

On the tombstone there are the three bears' heads, The Galbraith coat of arms contains a bear's head; so these three bears' heads may indicate that the individual buried here was of a chiefly line, which was true of the Balgair Galbraiths; there was also an hourglass; a skull and crossed bones; and the words "MEMENTO MORI" ("Remember you shall die").

In his neat (and somewhat difficult to decipher) handwriting Mr. Paterson wrote "GALBRAITH OF BALGAIR;" "Guudman;" "All who held their lands of a subject [meaning unclear], though they were of very large, and their superiours [ancestors?] very noble were only called Good-men from the old French word Bon-homme, which was the title of the master of the family." "[Science of Heraldry, Pages 13 and 14]." "The Galbraiths of Balgair came from Stirlingshire in Scotland." Then he gave some references to the history of James Galbraith.

(I had earlier found the word "Goodman" in The Oxford Universal Dictionary described as, among other things, "A man of substance, not of gentle birth; a yeoman, etc.;" and I was therefore skeptical that this James Galbraith was the son of Humphrey of Balgair and his wife, Isabel Cunningham. But I was wrong. Mr. Paterson's explanation of the word elevates somewhat the social position of James Galbraith, the Gudman.)

If this 1618 James Galbraith of Balgair was the elder of the two James Galbraiths who received denization in 1616 in Donegal, what was he doing far from home in Armagh? Discussing this point one day with Bill Gilbreath, he suggested offhand that perhaps James Galbraith was simply visiting Sir Archibald Acheson when he died. That seems to me possible, for there was clearly some family connection between the Achesons and the Galbraiths at that time.

Sir Archibald Acheson died in 1634 in Letterkenny, a town in Donegal. He had no landholdings and no known business in Donegal, 65-70 miles from his home in Armagh; perhaps he had gone there to visit brothers James Galbraith (now of Magevelin, a mile or so from Rateine) and Robert Galbraith (now of Dowish, perhaps 2 miles from Rateine), the sons of James Galbraith of Balgair. Both of their homes were near Letterkenny. In fact, James Galbraith of Mageve1in signed the 1634 funeral certificate of Sir Archibald Acheson as "a kinsman." If Archibald Acheson could possibly die while visiting those Galbraiths, perhaps their father had died in 1618 while visiting Acheson.

In 1638 James and Robert's younger brother, Humphrey, signed the funeral certificate of Sir Patrick Acheson, Archibald's son, "as being his kinsman." Some years later Sir George Acheson, second son of Archibald, served as overseer for the will of James Galbraith of Ramoran, the son of Robert Galbraith of Dowish. All are clues that there was a bond or family connection between those Achesons and Galbraiths. Exactly what that bond was had yet to be discovered.

Who had ordered this gravestone carved with the inscription and various symbols? If James, the Gudman, had in fact died on a visit to Sir Archibald Acheson, perhaps one or more of his sons had accompanied him and directed the making of the gravestone.

After considering all possibilities, including the reference to "James Galbraith of the House of Bogeare" in Bartram Galbraith's memorandum, I now think that James Galbraith, Gudman of Balgair, who died in 1618, was the son of Humphrey Galbraith of Balgair and Isabel Cunningham, the father of at least four sons of his own, and a direct ancestor of the 1718 Pennsylvania Galbraiths.

The Sons of James Galbraith of Balgair

James Galbraith of Balgair and his wife, Mary Buchanan, had at least four sons and a possible daughter. The sons of James Galbraith of Balgair were James, Robert, Humphrey, and William. The first three were well known, well respected, and well documented in various accounts and histories of Donegal in the 1600s. These Galbraiths were a leading Donegal family at that time. James served twice as a Member of the Irish Parliament and later as a Lt. Col. in the Lagan Army, which was a military force of Scottish immigrants in Donegal, mobilized to confront the Catholic Irish uprising in 1641, and which later fought a losing battle against the forces of Oliver Cromwell and Parliament. Robert was also a Lt. Col. in the Lagan Army. (There is a possibility that both James and Robert had previous military service fighting in the Thirty Years War on the Continent and were accorded high rank in the Lagan Army because of it.) Humphrey served as a minister in the Church of Ireland, an Anglican church, and rose to the senior position of Archdeacon. There are only a few references to William in the historical record and we know little about him, except that he is explicitly referred to as a brother to the others.

James had four daughters. Robert had two sons and two daughters: one son died young. The other son was James Galbraith of Ramoran, another Galbraith who served a term in the Irish Parliament. James of Ramoran had three daughters. His uncle, Humphrey, had three daughters. There were no sons in the historical record to continue the line.

With respect to the possible daughter, the will of James of Ramoran, son of Robert Galbraith of Dowish, refers to an uncle, Thomas Lucy. We know nothing of any Lucys in Galbraith history; Thomas Lucy must have been married to James of Ramoran's aunt, whose given name is unknown. That aunt could have been a sister of his father's, and sister to the other Galbraith brothers, or she could have been a sister to his mother, Jean Cunningham. We do not know the Cunningham genealogy. At any rate, there has so far been discovered no further reference to this aunt, the wife of Thomas Lucy

The 1718 Galbraiths were clearly a leading and well respected family when they arrived in Pennsylvania. They were elected to the colonial assembly and to such other positions as sheriff, justice of the peace, and coroner. They helped to found the Donegal Church, served as elders at that church, and represented their church at meetings of the Donegal Presbytery. If the important 1718 Pennsylvania Galbraiths were descended from that leading Donegal Galbraith family, how did that occur?

A Theory

I believe that the descent may well have been through a natural son, one born out of wedlock. I believe it very unlikely that brothers James and Humphrey and their nephew, James of Ramoran, had only daughters. Natural children were not uncommon in those days. James, 13th Galbraith Chief, had a natural son named Walter who later received "letters of legitimation" in 1558. Robert, 17th Chief, also had a natural son, Walter, whom he placed with a Helen Galbraith in Stirling. We only know of this natural son because he failed to pay Helen and in 1606 she brought suit against him for "twa zeirrs susteinment" of Walter, for which she received "three score sax punds money." So this Walter was born in 1604.

The histories and documents of the period make little or no mention of natural children. While natural children would certainly have been known to others, I think they were generally deliberately omitted from the historical record. Were it not for Helen's lawsuit, for example, we would be unlikely to know of 17th Chief Robert's natural son, Walter.

I have wondered if brother William Galbraith might have been a natural son of James Galbraith of Balgair. There are found very few references to him, while there are many to his brothers, James, Robert, and Humphrey.

I also wonder if the unnamed aunt, who married Thomas Lucy, if she were a Galbraith, might also have been a natural daughter, which could have been responsible for her being omitted in the historical record. There was also a genuine brother, Andrew, mentioned in Robert Galbraith's will, who had a son Humphrey, to whom Robert left 20 pounds "to put him to a trade." Neither Andrew nor his son, Humphrey, appears in historical accounts of the period. These Donegal Galbraiths were an elite family of members of parliament, landowners, army officers, and ministers and did not work at "a trade." Perhaps Andrew was the natural son of James Galbraith of Balgair and/or perhaps Andrew's son; Humphrey was a natural son. The family histories and accounts of the Galbraith brothers all indicate that James Galbraith of Magevelin had four daughters, all of whom, as it happened, married Hamiltons. But other less formal accounts state that there were two additional daughters, one of whom married a Sir Harry Echlin and the other a member of the Babington family. Were these two daughters natural daughters?

Others have claimed that a John and a Hugh were also brothers of James, Robert, Humphrey, and William. Perhaps they were natural sons as well. For that matter Elspet Galbraith, recorded in the 1665 Hearth Money Roll as living in Rateine, might have been the natural daughter of one of the Balgair Galbraiths, still living in the townland to which they had originally come in 1615.

James Galbraith, the paterfamilias of the 1718 Galbraiths, was born in 1666. From which one of the descendants of James Galbraith of Balgair might he have been descended? It might have been brothers James or Humphrey, both of whom had no sons according to the record. He might also have been descended from James of Ramoran, who was a wealthy man with no recorded sons. James of Ramoran was younger (b.1620-1630); he might barely have been the grandfather of 1718 James (b. 1666), or possibly he was his father. If he were his father, it would have been contrary to the limited evidence indicating 1718 James's father was a John Galbraith, but, as we have seen, the naming pattern was not always followed.

If a man had a legitimate son, he might not bequeath much to that son's illegitimate brother. But if a man had no legitimate son and a natural son he cared for, he might leave a lot to that natural son, particularly if all his daughters had married well. The descent then might have been from James Galbraith of Magevelin. Perhaps he had a natural son, whom he named John; and this John was the father of 1718 James Galbraith (named after his paternal grandfather), who in turn named his oldest son John. The descent might also have come from James of Ramoran, who was a wealthier man than his uncles. Probably the descent did not come from Humphrey, for there are no Humphreys among the descendants of 1718 James.

I don't think there was much stigma attached to natural children. I suppose the father arranged for the child to be cared for elsewhere. Their wives certainly would not want evidence of their husbands' behavior, or misbehavior, in their homes and probably just muttered "Men!" to themselves in disgust. If, then, James of Magevelin had a natural son whom he named John and to whom he bequeathed a substantial amount, he might perhaps have parked the boy in Newton Cunningham, where Sir John Cunningham, an uncle of Jean Cunningham Galbraith, brother Robert's wife, had received a sizable land grant.

If the descent were through James of Ramoran, he too might have parked the boy in Newton Cunningham, where his mother's uncle had established a village on his land grant. That could account for the reference to Newton Cunningham found in the history of Rebecca Galbraith, a daughter of 1718 James Galbraith (see below).

Perhaps such a natural son might have married well and/or his son, 1718 James Galbraith, the immigrant, might have done the same. That might have accounted for his apparent wealth when he arrived in Pennsylvania. Or, more speculatively, perhaps the Cunninghams of Newton Cunningham gave him a helping hand. Sir John Cunningham probably had no sons, for in the 1654 Civil Survey of Ireland the property at Newton Cunningham was owned by Sir John's co-heiresses, probably his daughters. If his property were still in their names and not in the name of any husbands, possibly they were unmarried and had no immediate heirs. If a natural Galbraith son became established at Newton Cunningham, and if he were a good man, might not those two co-heiresses have also left him some money? He was a relative; Cunninghams and Galbraiths had always been close in Scotland and in Ulster; and Sir John had made a success out of the property he acquired in his land grant and must have become fairly wealthy. So perhaps those two co-heiresses helped him. That is merely conjecture. There is no substantiation of it in the historical record.

So there is a theory. It is a reasonably plausible hypothesis, which may be proved or disproved when, hopefully, more of the actual historical record comes to light. If this theory is correct, we have charted the 1718 Galbraith immigrants in Pennsylvania from their origin in Balgair in Scotland through their stay of 100 years or so in Ulster to their arrival in America. It is possible another scenario could explain these facts, but I have been unable to come up with one.

In the meantime all we 60 CGA members who are descended from the 1718 Galbraiths might consider ourselves the natural descendants of James Galbraith of Balgair. (But I don't suppose we need letters of legitimation.(Source – Article by Dave Colwell, The Red Tower, Clan Galbraith Association, Vol. XXX, No 4, ISSN 1059-4264, August 2009)


 		James Galbraith the Gudman of Balgair, Scotland
 
515 There is a John C. Turney, age 33, Monroe Township, Clarion County, who is listed on the 1860 Federal Census for Pennsylvania, Series M 653, Roll 1095, enumerated July 23, 1860. He was born in Pennsylvania. His wife is listed as Nancy with her age as 25. There is one child, John M., age three months. It would appear that Jane Emerick McKinney also used the name Nancy Jane and/or Jane. (Note to File - JP Rhein} John C. Turney
 
516 CRAIG, KATE (TURNEY) — Mrs. Kate Turney Craig, 79, well known resident of Piney township died in her home near Sligo, Sunday, November 17, after a lingering illness. Mrs. Craig was born in Monroe township, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. John C. Turney, and when quite young moved to Piney township, where she spent most of her life,. She was a member of the Reformed Lutheran Church at Curllsville, and an associate member of the Sunday School of the Sligo Presbyterian church. October 17, 1898, she was united in marriage with Thomas H. Craig who departed this life December 24, 1937. She leaves one niece, Miss Bernadette Turney of Chicago, Ill., and two nephews, Turney E. Colwell of Bellevue and L. R. Colwell of Pittsburgh. Services were held from the Hawk Funeral Home in Sligo, Tuesday afternoon, conducted by the Rev. E. D. Crawford of the Sligo Presbyterian church, and interment was in the Sligo cemetery. Submitted by Pamela Grewell.  Kate Turney
 
517 Clayton L. Vogel, 86, of Fort Belvoir, Virginia, formerly of Blomsburg and a Clarion County native died Sunday, January 2, 2000 in Virginia following an illness. Born October 18, 1913, in Huey, Clarion County, he was a son of Harold and Eva Marie McKinney. Mr. Vogel attended Clarion State Teachers College and received his bachelor's degree in 1939 from theKutztown State Teachers College.
On April 16, 1930 Clayton and his sister, Roberta, are residing with his uncle, Jeremiah Pyle, age 54, a laborer in a coal mine, and his wife Lilian A. Vogel, sister of Harold, in Tobyi Township (Huey), Clarion County, Pennsylvania. Also residing with the family is Bertha M. Strensky, Lillian and John's mother. John Vogel and his second wife, Jane P. nee unkown, and their children are residing next door. (Source - 1930 Federal Census of Pennsylvania)

Jeremiah and Lillian are the foster parents of Clayton and Roberta.

Clayton L. Vogel, 86, of Fort Belvoir, Virginia, formerly of Bloomsburg and a Clarion County native died Sunday, January 2, 2000 in Virginia following an illness. Born October 18, 1913, in Huey, Clarion County, he was a son of Harold and Eva Marie McKinney. Mr. Vogel attended Clarion State Teachers College and received his bachelor's degree in 1939 from theKutztown State Teachers College.
 		Clayton LaJoie Vogel
 
518
Notes for BLANCHE BESSIE WALLS:
Obit from The Derrick, Oil City, Franklin- Clarion, PA, July 28, 1973: Mrs. Hoover, Rimersburg Woman, dies. RIMERSBURG - Mrs. Blanche B. Hoover, 76, of Rimersburg died Friday morning in Chicora Medical Center after an extended illness. She was born July 14, 1897, in Butler County, a daughter of the late Elmer and Louella Stewart Walls. She married Bird Hoover who preceded her in death in 1955. A resident of Rimersburg for the past eight years, Mrs. Hoover had previously resided in Squirrel Hill, Clarion County. She was a member of Oakwood United Presbyterian Church, Squirrel Hill. Surviving are: one sister, Mrs. Howard (Ethel) Ferguson of Lima, Ohio; two brothers, Clyde Walls of New Bethlehem RD and Raymond Walls of Apollo, and several nieces and nephews. In addition to her husband, she was preceded in death by one sister, Miss Mabel Walls, and one brother, Frank Walls. Friends will be received any time at the J. D. Miller Funeral Home, Rimersburg, where the family will received friends 2 to 4 and 7 to 9 pm today. Funeral services will be held at 2 pm Sunday in the funeral home with Rev. David L. Cook, pastor of the Rimersburg United Presbyterian Church, officiating. Interment will be in Squirrel Hill Cemetery, Clarion County.

(Above information furnished by Linda Walls) 		Blanche Bessie Walls
 
519 Notes for CLYDE GALE WALLS:
Clyde Walls served in WW1 in the 3rd Army, 30th U.S. Infantry, company K, corporal, as a messenger. He often had to go behind enemy lines. His service number was 547939. His official military records were destroyed by fire at the National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis, MO on July 12, 1973. Fortunately, he saved his military records (enlistment, discharge and military history papers) and I was able to get a copy of his Veteran's Compensation Application from the Pennsylvania Archives. His engagements while in Germany were: Aisne Defensive, Chateau Thierry Sector, Champagne-Marne Defensive, Aisne-Marne Offensive, Vesle Sector, Meuse-Argonne, Meuse-Argonne Offensive. He enlisted at Clarion, PA October 2, 1917, served overseas from April 13, 1918 to August 23, 1919 and was honorably discharged August 28, 1919 at Camp Dix, N.J. He was at Camp Lee before being shipped overseas. He helped to construct the camp. He was wounded by mustard gas July 26, 1918 during the Aisne-Marne Offensive. He picked up various souveniers from his time in Germany, most of which was confiscated when he tried to bring them home. One was a cane that was also a pistol. He did manage to send home a luger pistol that he mailed in pieces to his mother. In 2005 we applied for his service medals. In 2006 we received the medals that were due to him, Purple Heart, World War I Victory Medal with Aisne-Marne Battle Clasp, Aisne Battle Clasp, Champaigne-Marne Battle Clasp, Defensive Sector Battle Clasp, Meuse-Argonne Battle Clasp and the St. Mihiel Battle Clasp, World War I Victory Button in silver, and Army of Occupation of Germany Medal WWI. The Purple Heart was engraved with his name.

Obit from The Derrick, Oil City, Dec. 12, 1984: Clyde G. Walls, 89, of New Bethlehem, RD3, died Monday at the Oakland Veterans Hospital in Pittsburgh, following an extended illness. Born August 17, 1895, at Great Belt, Jefferson Township, Butler County, he was a son of the late Elmer P. and Louella Stewart Walls. He married the former Mildred Pence on October 31, 1923. She preceded him in death July 12, 1963. Mr. Walls was a farmer and carpenter. He was a World War I veteran of the Army. Mr. Walls was a member of the Leatherwood Church. Survivors include three daughters, Mrs. William (Eileen) Oliver of Penn Hills, Mrs. Nelson (Wilma) Hamler of Allison Park, and Mrs. Otis (Lucille) Procious of New Bethlehem RD 1; two sons, William E. Walls of South Hamilton, Mass., and Leroy C. Walls of Lebanon, Ind.; 14 grandchildren; and 20 great-grandchildren. In addition to his wife, he was preceded in death by three sisters, Mabel Walls, Blanche Hoover and Ethel Ferguson; and two brothers Frank and Raymond Walls. Friends may call after 2 pm today at the Wayne E. McNaughton Funeral Home at 301 Penn St., New Bethlehem. The family will receive friends from 2 to 4 and 7 to 9 pm today. Funeral services will be conducted there at 2 pm Thursday with Rev. Randy Barlett, pastor of the Leatherwood Church, officiating. Interment will follow in Leatherwood Cemetery.

SS#185-20-7796. His name is engraved at the Soldier's memorial at Rimersburg, Clarion Co.,PA.

Clyde and Mildred married by Rev. Montgomery.

(Above information furnished by Linda Walls)
 		Clyde Gale Walls
 
520 Elmer P. Walls January 30, 1937 CLARION CO. PORTER TWP. 72 yrs 3mo 3 days Unknown
Burial Cemetery Lot Section Undertaker
02/02/1937 Rimersburg 1 C.B. STEWART
Survivors Notes
 		Elmer P. Walls
 
521 Unless otherwise noted all information on the descendants of Elmer P. Wall was furnished by Linda Walls)

Notes for ELMER P. WALLS:
1900 census Jefferson Twp., Butler Co., PA: Elmer P. b. Aug 1864, 35, married 10 yrs, Elizabeth, wife, b. July 1869, 30, mother of 5, 5 living, Frank M. b. Dec 1891, 8, Mabel M. b. Nov 1893
1910 census Porter Twp., Clarion Co., PA: Elmer P. Walls 45, 1st marriage, married 20 years, Elizabeth, wife, 41, mother of 6, 6 living, Frank M. 18, Mabel M. 16, Clyde G. 14, Blanche B. 12, Effel P. 10, Raymond S. 6.
1920 census Porter twp., Clarion Co., PA: Elmer P. Walls 55, Elizabeth 51, Frank M. 28, Clyde G. 24, Blanch 22, Ethel 20, Raymond 16.

Was known to have a fine farm with the latest equipment. He built the first brick silo in the area. A photo exists of this construction.

Will dated January 29, 1937, recorded at Clarion County courthouse February 9, 1937, Elmer leaves his farm of about 131 acres to his son Frank M. Walls including livestock, machinery, etc., with the condition that Elmer's wife, Elizabeth "shall continue to live in our home or residence on the farm and shall be supported and maintained there according to her station in life the same as she has been accustomed during my lifetime including food, clothing, care in health and during sickness, with all ordinary expenses required by her, nursing and medical services and a repectable burrial after death the same as I would expect to provide for her if I were to survive her. My said wife shall during her life have equal and joint control with my son Frank M. Walls of the cattle and other livestock now belonging to me." The timber located on the northern part of the homestead was to be divided among the remaining 5 children: Mable Walls, Clyde G. Walls, Blanche Hoover, Ethel Ferguson, and Raymond Walls. Gas rentals received should be first used for payment of taxes on the farm. Clyde bought a tractor with his share of the timber money.

Obit: Elmer P. Walls died at his home at Rimersburg, R. D. 3, Saturday, January 30, 1937. Mr. Walls, the son of Morrison C. and Rebecca L. Walls, was born at New Athens, Pennsylvania, August 27, 1864. He was united in marriage to Miss Louella Stewart, December 25, 1889. To this union six children were born, namely: Frank M. Walls, at home; Clyde G. Walls, of New Bethlehem; Raymond S. Walls, Red Bank; Mrs. H. C. Ferguson of Lawsonham; Mrs B. W. Hoover, of New Bethlehem, and Mabel M. Walls, of Butler, all of whom with his wife, survive. He was preceded in death by his parents, one brother and one sister. The early years of his life were spent in the oil fields of Butler County. He returned to Clarion County in 1904 and here he spent the remainder of his life. Mr. Walls was a member of the Presbyterian Church for many years. Funeral services in his memory were conducted at the home, Tuesday, February 2, 1937 at two o'clock with the Reverend Wm. J. Organ and the Reverend R. E. Kiern officiating. Interment was made in the Rimersburg cemetery under the direction of C. B. Stewart. Card of Thanks: We wish to express our sincere thanks and appreciation to our many friends for the kindness shown through the time of illness and death of our loving husband and father. Also for the beautiful flowers and the use of cars. Mrs. E. P. Walls and Children.

The day of his funeral was Groundhog Day and it was a bitter cold day. Yet, according to his grandson, Bill Walls, people came from everywhere and stood out in the bitter cold for his funeral. He remembers all the cars and the people in the yard of Elmer's home. There was not enough room inside the house for everyone.

(Above information furnished by Linda Walls)
 		Elmer P. Walls
 
522 Notes for MABEL MAUD WALLS:
Obit Butler Eagle, Jan. 22, 1955, page 2, film #207 Butler Area Public Library: Mabel M. Walls, Butler Teacher 34 Years, Dies: Miss Mabel M. Walls, 61, public school teacher in Butler for 34 years, died at 10 p.m. yesterday in the Butler County Memorial Hospital. She had undergone an operation earlier in the week. Miss Walls was in her 41st year of teaching, 34 years of which were spent in the local schools. She came to the Butler schools in Sept. 1920, and taught in the old McKean Street School until September 1942, when she was transferred to the Butler Senior High School faculty. She taught 10th grade English in the high school. Miss Walls was also a member of the summer school faculty. Prior to coming to Butler, she taught in Porter Township Schools, Clarion County, and then in Penn Township School, Butler County. Born Nov. 18, 1893, in Great Belt, Butler County, she was a daughter of Elmer and Louella Stewart Walls. Miss Walls attended Slippery Rock State Teacher College, and Clarion State Teachers College, and had credits at Geneva College. She received her bachelor of science degree in education in 1939, and her Master's degree from the University of Pittsburgh in 1945. She had 10 credits in graduate work above her master's degree. Surviving are two sisters, Mrs. Blanche Hoover of Rimersburg R. D. 3, Mrs. Ethel Ferguson of Lima, O.; three brothers, Frank M. Walls of Rimersburg R. D. 3, Clyde G. Walls of New Bethlehem R. D. 3, and Raymond S. Walls of Vandergrift. Miss Walls was a member of the Second Presbyterian Church.

(Above information furnished by Linda Walls)
 		Mabel Maud Walls
 
523
Notes for RAYMOND SETH WALLS:
Obit: Apollo - Raymond S. Walls, a native Rimersburg RD 1 resident, died March 6, 1979, in Clearfield Hospital. A Kiski Valley resident most of his adult life, he was born July 21, 1903, in New Athens, Clarion County, a son of Elmer and E. Louella Stewart Walls. He was married to the former Margaret Hetrick, who died Nov. 17, 1976. He is survived by: a brother, Clyde G., New Bethlehem RD3; a sister, Mrs. Howard (Ethel) Ferguson of Lima, Ohio; Mr. and Mrs. Alan Bowser, Leechburg RD, who made their home with him; and several nieces and nephews. He was preceded in death by a brother, Frank, and two sisters, Mabel and Mrs. Blanche Hoover. Funeral services were held at 11 a.m. Thursday at the Bodenhorn and Shaffer Funeral Home, Apollo, with the Rev. Carl Holm officiating. Interment was in the Rimersburg cemetery.

(Above information furnished by Linda Walls)
 		Raymond Seth Walls
 
524 Notes for Caroline Weaver:
From obituary in "Clarion Republic" January 14, 1907
"Mrs. Caroline W. Polliard, who lived on Cottage Hill, New Bethlehem, was buried at Squirrel Hill. she was
buried from the home of her daughter, Mrs. G. M. Wensel, New Bethlehem, where a funeral service was
conducted Wednesday evening. Services were held in St. Lukes Reformed Church, Squirrel Hill, by Revs. Evans
and Jelbart. Near to this church she had lived, and here with her husband and family she worshiped regularly for
years as a devout consistent member of the Reformed church. Pneumonia was the immediate cause of her death.
She died in Butler, Jan. 14 at her daughter's Mrs. Covert, where she was visiting. She was aged 66 years, 7
months, and 28 days. A husband and three children preceded her. Eight children survive: Thomas E. of
Redlands, California; Mrs. G. M. Wensel, New Bethlehem; Albert W. of Kingston, Mo.; Charles of Butler; Frank
D. of New Bethlehem; Mrs. R. E. Covert of Butler; Mrs. Rev. C. H. Faust of Butler; James B. of Pittsburgh.
Prior to her death she lived on Cottage Hill, New Bethlehem."
4
From "Polliard Family History" from Barbara Oswald
"George Polliard's son Henry (1832-1882) married Caroline Weaver (1840--1907). She ran an orphanage."
In "The Western Pa. Genealogy Society Quarterly", Vol 18, No 3, Winter 1992 on Pages 24-34
by Rev. David B. Lady
St. Paul's Orphan's Home, Greenville, Hempfield Twp., Mercer Co.
A list of children from 1867-1917:
1892 - Emma Alverda Polliard
1882 - Charles P. Polliard 		Caroline Weaver
 
525 Last residence was Franklin, Venango County, Pennsylvania. Harry Wesley Whitten
 
526 Last residence was Franklin, Venango County, Pennsylvania. Ralph E. Whitten
 
527 He was born in 1746 in what is now Franklin County, Pennsylvania. John Young
 
528 Obit: Clarion Democrat Sept. 25, 1913: Wallace A. Young, aged 52 years, died at his home in West Freedom, Perry Township, on Saturday evening, Sept. 20, from typhoid fever. Mr. Young was a member of the M.E. church. He is survived by his wife and two daughters, Nellie and Verda at home. His father and mother, Mr. and Mrs. George Young, of West Freedom, one brother and three sisters also survive as follows: Isaac Young and Mrs. William Vasbinder, of Phillipston; Mrs. William Cochran, of New Athens, and Mrs.Newell Gates of Perry township. Funeral services were held at the late home of the deceased on Monday afternoon at 2 o'clock by Rev. W. P. Lothian, pastor of the Callensburg M.E. church. Interment was made in the West Freedom cemetery.

(Above information furnished by Linda Walls) 		Wallace Young
 
529 Ninth Census of the United States, 1870, Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1870 Source: 1870 United States Federal Census
 
530 Tenth Census of the United States, 1880, Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1880 Source: 1880 United States Federal Census
 
531 Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930, Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1930 Source: 1930 United States Federal Census
 
532 Also 1870 Federal Census as to date and location of birth. Source: Frontier Families of Toby Township, Clarion County, Pennsylvania by Heber Rankin, Janice Yingling, Editor, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May, 1995
 

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